Relativismo Antropológico e Objetividade Etnográfica

A conferência tem dois objetivos: combater o relativismo antropológico que defende a incomensurabilidade de mundos e defender a objetividade etnográfica como componente essencial da atividade antropológica. Para isso, começo com uma recapitulação da história da etnografia, salientando aí o papel das duas guerras mundiais; em seguida considero as implicações atuais da violência e da guerra internacional para a discussão da objetividade e da comensurabilidade

Dilemas da Razão Prática: Simbolismo, Tecnologia e Ecologia na Floresta Amazônica

O aspecto mais excitante desse livro é que ele trata de frente um fenómeno teórico curioso: a guerra que estruturalismo e materialismo cultural travam na floresta amazônica. É urna guerra com características tradicionais que não podem deixar de chamar a atenção do observador externo: nela, a existência do adversário é, parece, essencial para reafirmar a identidade de cada contendor, ao mesmo tempo que cada um deles é incapaz de reconhecer no seu interlocutor e adversário uma verdade sobre si mesmo. Não admira que a floresta amazônica seja um terreno fértil para o estruturalismo. Contrariamente à previsão de um evolucionismo tecnológico, por exemplo, sociedades pequenas e tecnicamente rudimentares, vivendo em ambientes marginais como o cerrado, mostram a qualquer observador uma inesperada exuberância intelectual e sociológica. Nada mais natural, portanto, que tomá-las como evidência da autonomia da atividade simbólica que se expressa em classificações, mitos e construções de valor estético, requintes que os materialistas pensam estar acima das posses materiais desses povos pobres

Simetria e entropia: sobre a noção de estrutura de Lévi-Strauss

In a famous but often misunderstood article, Lévi-Strauss defines the notions of structure and model, and asserts the significance of these notions for the social sciences. We find there notions such as "group", "topology" and "order", as well as the distinction between "mechanical models" and "statistical models", and a classification of the social sciences (history, sociology, etnography and ethnology) based on such notions. It this a residue of "scientificism", to be discarded in later works, and to be contrasted with the "humanism" of Tristes Tropiques, for instance? The answer is no, not only because such notions stay alive in Lévi-Strauss later works, but also because some of the most basic ideas on society and history, present in Tristes Tropiques, spring from them. It is true that Lévi-Strauss uses such notions in a metaphorical mode, so that it is useless to seek in his texts precise scientific definitions. By employing such notions, always guided by a conscious effort towards combining sensibility and reason, and disrespecting the currently trendy cleavage between "Geistwissenschaften" and "Naturwissenchaften", Lévi-Strauss has expressed some of his central themes. One of them is the significance of symmetry as a fundamental property of culture and nature alike. Another theme is the view of history as a loss of symmetry. These basic themes are interspersed in his analyses of kinship and myth, and also in many texts on music and painting. The research program formulated by Lévi-Strauss in his article on "The Notion of Structure in Anthropology", as well as in La Pensée Sauvage, often treated as if it were outdated, remains influential outside the anthropological mainstream, in disciplines such as neuroscience, ethnoscience and the theory of self-organizing systems. This article tries to explain why.Em um artigo famoso mas pouco compreendido, Lévi-Strauss define as noções de estrutura e de modelos, e afirma a importância dessas noções para as Ciências Sociais. Encontramos ali as noções de "grupo", de "estrutura topológica" e de "estrutura de ordem", a distinção entre "modelos mecânicos" e a de "modelos estatísticos", e uma classificação das Ciências Sociais (a História, a Sociologia, a Etnografia e a Etnologia) a partir dessas noções . Trata-se de "cientificismo" depois abandonado? Não, porque o uso dessas noções não somente permanece em sua obra posterior, como elas envolvem algumas das idéias mais básicas de Lévi-Strauss sobre as sociedades e seu movimento histórico. É verdade que Lévi-Strauss utiliza metaforicamente essas noções, de maneira que não adianta buscar nos seus textos as definições científicas para eles. Em vez disso, guiado por um esforço consciente de combinar sempre sensibilidade e razão, desrespeitando a moderna separação entre "ciências do espírito" e "ciências da natureza", Lévi-Strauss expressou alguns de seus temas centrais. Um deles é a importância das simetrias como propriedades comuns à natureza e à mente humana. O segundo é a visão da história como perda de simetrias. Esses temas encontram-se entremeados em suas análises de mitos e de parentesco, mas também no domínio da arte, na música e na pintura. Curiosamente, os projetos formulados por Lévi-Strauss no seu artigo sobre "A noção de estrutura em Antropologia", bem como no "Pensamento selvagem" e outros trabalhos no mesmo espírito, embora sejam vistos por muitos como ultrapassados, encontram-se em pleno vigor fora do mainstream da Antropologia, em disciplinas como a Neurociência, a Etnociência e a Teoria de sistemas auto-organizativos

Azimuthal asymmetry in the risetime of the surface detector signals of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The azimuthal asymmetry in the risetime of signals in Auger surface detector stations is a source of information on shower development. The azimuthal asymmetry is due to a combination of the longitudinal evolution of the shower and geometrical effects related to the angles of incidence of the particles into the detectors. The magnitude of the effect depends upon the zenith angle and state of development of the shower and thus provides a novel observable, $(\sec \theta)_\mathrm{max}$, sensitive to the mass composition of cosmic rays above $3 \times 10^{18}$ eV. By comparing measurements with predictions from shower simulations, we find for both of our adopted models of hadronic physics (QGSJETII-04 and EPOS-LHC) an indication that the mean cosmic-ray mass increases slowly with energy, as has been inferred from other studies. However, the mass estimates are dependent on the shower model and on the range of distance from the shower core selected. Thus the method has uncovered further deficiencies in our understanding of shower modelling that must be resolved before the mass composition can be inferred from $(\sec \theta)_\mathrm{max}$.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

The Pierre Auger Observatory: Contributions to the 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2015)

Contributions of the Pierre Auger Collaboration to the 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference, 30 July - 6 August 2015, The Hague, The NetherlandsComment: 24 proceedings, the 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference, 30 July - 6 August 2015, The Hague, The Netherlands; will appear in PoS(ICRC2015

Ultrahigh-energy neutrino follow-up of Gravitational Wave events GW150914 and GW151226 with the Pierre Auger Observatory

On September 14, 2015 the Advanced LIGO detectors observed their first gravitational-wave (GW) transient GW150914. This was followed by a second GW event observed on December 26, 2015. Both events were inferred to have arisen from the merger of black holes in binary systems. Such a system may emit neutrinos if there are magnetic fields and disk debris remaining from the formation of the two black holes. With the surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory we can search for neutrinos with energy above 100 PeV from point-like sources across the sky with equatorial declination from about -65 deg. to +60 deg., and in particular from a fraction of the 90% confidence-level (CL) inferred positions in the sky of GW150914 and GW151226. A targeted search for highly-inclined extensive air showers, produced either by interactions of downward-going neutrinos of all flavors in the atmosphere or by the decays of tau leptons originating from tau-neutrino interactions in the Earth's crust (Earth-skimming neutrinos), yielded no candidates in the Auger data collected within $\pm 500$ s around or 1 day after the coordinated universal time (UTC) of GW150914 and GW151226, as well as in the same search periods relative to the UTC time of the GW candidate event LVT151012. From the non-observation we constrain the amount of energy radiated in ultrahigh-energy neutrinos from such remarkable events.Comment: Published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Added Report Numbe

Calibration of the Logarithmic-Periodic Dipole Antenna (LPDA) Radio Stations at the Pierre Auger Observatory using an Octocopter

An in-situ calibration of a logarithmic periodic dipole antenna with a frequency coverage of 30 MHz to 80 MHz is performed. Such antennas are part of a radio station system used for detection of cosmic ray induced air showers at the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory, the so-called Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA). The directional and frequency characteristics of the broadband antenna are investigated using a remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) carrying a small transmitting antenna. The antenna sensitivity is described by the vector effective length relating the measured voltage with the electric-field components perpendicular to the incoming signal direction. The horizontal and meridional components are determined with an overall uncertainty of 7.4^{+0.9}_{-0.3} % and 10.3^{+2.8}_{-1.7} % respectively. The measurement is used to correct a simulated response of the frequency and directional response of the antenna. In addition, the influence of the ground conductivity and permittivity on the antenna response is simulated. Both have a negligible influence given the ground conditions measured at the detector site. The overall uncertainties of the vector effective length components result in an uncertainty of 8.8^{+2.1}_{-1.3} % in the square root of the energy fluence for incoming signal directions with zenith angles smaller than 60{\deg}.Comment: Published version. Updated online abstract only. Manuscript is unchanged with respect to v2. 39 pages, 15 figures, 2 table

Multi-resolution anisotropy studies of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays detected at the Pierre Auger Observatory

We report a multi-resolution search for anisotropies in the arrival directions of cosmic rays detected at the Pierre Auger Observatory with local zenith angles up to $80^\circ$ and energies in excess of 4 EeV ($4 \times 10^{18}$ eV). This search is conducted by measuring the angular power spectrum and performing a needlet wavelet analysis in two independent energy ranges. Both analyses are complementary since the angular power spectrum achieves a better performance in identifying large-scale patterns while the needlet wavelet analysis, considering the parameters used in this work, presents a higher efficiency in detecting smaller-scale anisotropies, potentially providing directional information on any observed anisotropies. No deviation from isotropy is observed on any angular scale in the energy range between 4 and 8 EeV. Above 8 EeV, an indication for a dipole moment is captured; while no other deviation from isotropy is observed for moments beyond the dipole one. The corresponding $p$-values obtained after accounting for searches blindly performed at several angular scales, are $1.3 \times 10^{-5}$ in the case of the angular power spectrum, and $2.5 \times 10^{-3}$ in the case of the needlet analysis. While these results are consistent with previous reports making use of the same data set, they provide extensions of the previous works through the thorough scans of the angular scales.Comment: Published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Added Report Numbe

Evidence for a mixed mass composition at the `ankle' in the cosmic-ray spectrum

We report a first measurement for ultra-high energy cosmic rays of the correlation between the depth of shower maximum and the signal in the water Cherenkov stations of air-showers registered simultaneously by the fluorescence and the surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Such a correlation measurement is a unique feature of a hybrid air-shower observatory with sensitivity to both the electromagnetic and muonic components. It allows an accurate determination of the spread of primary masses in the cosmic-ray flux. Up till now, constraints on the spread of primary masses have been dominated by systematic uncertainties. The present correlation measurement is not affected by systematics in the measurement of the depth of shower maximum or the signal in the water Cherenkov stations. The analysis relies on general characteristics of air showers and is thus robust also with respect to uncertainties in hadronic event generators. The observed correlation in the energy range around the `ankle' at $\lg(E/{\rm eV})=18.5-19.0$ differs significantly from expectations for pure primary cosmic-ray compositions. A light composition made up of proton and helium only is equally inconsistent with observations. The data are explained well by a mixed composition including nuclei with mass $A > 4$. Scenarios such as the proton dip model, with almost pure compositions, are thus disfavoured as the sole explanation of the ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray flux at Earth.Comment: Published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Added Report Numbe