A Marine Growth Detection System for Underwater Gliders

Marine growth has been observed to cause a drop in the horizontal and vertical velocities of underwater gliders, thus making them unresponsive and needing immediate recovery. Currently, no strategies exist to correctly identify the onset of marine growth for gliders and only limited data sets of biofouled hulls exist. Here, a field test has been conducted to first investigate the impact of marine growth on the dynamics and power consumption of underwater gliders and then design an anomaly detection system for high levels of biofouling. A Slocum glider was deployed first for eight days with drag stimulators to imitate severe biofouling; then, the vehicle was redeployed with no additions to the hull for further 20 days. The mimicked biofouling caused a speed reduction due to a significant increase in drag. Additionally, the lower speed causes the steady-state flight stage to last longer and the rudder to become less responsive; hence, marine growth results in a shortening of deployment duration through an increase in power consumption. As actual biofouling due to p. pollicipes occurred during the second deployment, it is possible to develop and test a system that successfully detects and identifies high levels of marine growth on the glider, blending model- and data-based solutions using steady-state flight data. The system will greatly help pilots replan missions to safely recover the vehicle if significant biofouling is detected

Refined Cigar and Omega-deformed Conifold

Antoniadis et al proposed a relation between the Omega-deformation and refined correlation functions of the topological string theory. We investigate the proposal for the deformed conifold geometry from a non-compact Gepner model approach. The topological string theory on the deformed conifold has a dual description in terms of the c=1 non-critical string theory at the self-dual radius, and the Omega-deformation yields the radius deformation. We show that the refined correlation functions computed from the twisted SL(2,R)/U(1) Kazama-Suzuki coset model at level k=1 have direct c=1 non-critical string theory interpretations. After subtracting the leading singularity to procure the 1PI effective action, we obtain the agreement with the proposal.Comment: 15 pages, v2: reference added, v3: published versio

Surface Chemistry of Perfluoropolyethers and Hydrogenated Analogs: Are Studies of Model Compounds Useful?

We have studied adsorption, desorption, and decomposition of ethers on Ru(001), an atomically-smooth metal surface. We have compared diethers with monoethers, and fluorinated ethers with hydrogenated ethers. The number of ether linkages does not strongly influence adsorption bond strength, nor the extent of decomposition. Fluorination does weaken the adsorption bond strength and prevents decomposition. These studies suggest that the surface properties of monomeric ethers can be used to predict properties of oligomeric, and perhaps even polymeric, ethers

The impact of cluster connectedness on firm innovation: R&D effort and outcomes in the textile industry

This is an Author's Accepted Manuscript of an article published in "The impact of cluster connectedness on firm innovation: R&D effort and outcomes in the textile industry" version of the article as published in the Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 2012 september,[copyright Taylor & Francis], available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/08985626.2012.710260"[EN] Recent research into the clustering effect on firms has moved away from a simplistic view to a more complex approach. More realistic and complex causal relationships are now considered when analysing these territorial networks. Specifically, this paper attempts to analyse how cluster connect- edness moderates the relationship of a firm's innovation effort and the results obtained from this effort. We want to question the commonly accepted direct and positive impact of R&D effort, and moreover, we suggest the existence of a saturation effect and that the level of cluster's inter-connectedness in the cluster moderates this effect. We have developed our empirical study focusing on the Spanish textile industrial cluster. This is a complex manufacturing industry that uses relatively low-technology manufacturing and R&D. Our findings suggest that the degree to which a firm is involved with, or connected to, other firms in the cluster can moderate the effect of the R&D effort on its innovation results. More generally, we aim to contribute to the discussion on the degree to which firms should be involved in the cluster network in order to operate efficiently and gain the maximum competitive advantages. Our findings have implications both in recent cluster and network literature as well for institutional policy.Molina Morales, FX.; Expósito Langa, M. (2012). The impact of cluster connectedness on firm innovation: R&D effort and outcomes in the textile industry. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development. 24(7-8):685-704. doi:10.1080/08985626.2012.710260S685704247-8Agarwal, R., Audretsch, D., & Sarkar, M. B. (2007). The process of creative construction: knowledge spillovers, entrepreneurship, and economic growth. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(3-4), 263-286. doi:10.1002/sej.36Aharonson, B. S., Baum, J. A. C., & Feldman, M. P. (2007). Desperately seeking spillovers? Increasing returns, industrial organization and the location of new entrants in geographic and technological space. Industrial and Corporate Change, 16(1), 89-130. doi:10.1093/icc/dtl034Albino, V., Carbonara, N., & Giannoccaro, I. (2006). Innovation in industrial districts: An agent-based simulation model. International Journal of Production Economics, 104(1), 30-45. doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2004.12.023Audretsch, D. B., & Lehmann, E. E. (2005). Does the Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship hold for regions? Research Policy, 34(8), 1191-1202. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2005.03.012Bell, G. G. (2005). Clusters, networks, and firm innovativeness. Strategic Management Journal, 26(3), 287-295. doi:10.1002/smj.448Bell, M., & Albu, M. (1999). Knowledge Systems and Technological Dynamism in Industrial Clusters in Developing Countries. World Development, 27(9), 1715-1734. doi:10.1016/s0305-750x(99)00073-xBelussi, F., & Arcangeli, F. (1998). A typology of networks: flexible and evolutionary firms. Research Policy, 27(4), 415-428. doi:10.1016/s0048-7333(98)00074-2Cantwell, J., & Piscitello, L. (2005). Recent Location of Foreign-owned Research and Development Activities by Large Multinational Corporations in the European Regions: The Role of Spillovers and Externalities. Regional Studies, 39(1), 1-16. doi:10.1080/0034340052000320824Boschma, R. A., & ter Wal, A. L. J. (2007). Knowledge Networks and Innovative Performance in an Industrial District: The Case of a Footwear District in the South of Italy. Industry & Innovation, 14(2), 177-199. doi:10.1080/13662710701253441Brass, D. J. (1984). Being in the Right Place: A Structural Analysis of Individual Influence in an Organization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 29(4), 518. doi:10.2307/2392937Breschi, S. (2001). Knowledge Spillovers and Local Innovation Systems: A Critical Survey. Industrial and Corporate Change, 10(4), 975-1005. doi:10.1093/icc/10.4.975CALANTONE, R. (1997). New product activities and performance: The moderating role of environmental hostility. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 14(3), 179-189. doi:10.1016/s0737-6782(97)00004-0Chell, E., & Baines, S. (2000). Networking, entrepreneurship and microbusiness behaviour. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 12(3), 195-215. doi:10.1080/089856200413464Chung, S. (Andy), Singh, H., & Lee, K. (2000). Complementarity, status similarity and social capital as drivers of alliance formation. Strategic Management Journal, 21(1), 1-22. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(200001)21:13.0.co;2-pCockburn, I. M., & Henderson, R. M. (2003). Absorptive Capacity, Coauthoring Behavior, and the Organization of Research in Drug Discovery. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 46(2), 157-182. doi:10.1111/1467-6451.00067Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1989). Innovation and Learning: The Two Faces of R & D. The Economic Journal, 99(397), 569. doi:10.2307/2233763Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1), 128. doi:10.2307/2393553Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95-S120. doi:10.1086/228943Coombs, J. E., Deeds, D. L., & Duane Ireland, R. (2009). Placing the choice between exploration and exploitation in context: a study of geography and new product development. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 3(3), 261-279. doi:10.1002/sej.74Crestanello, P., & Tattara, G. (2011). Industrial Clusters and the Governance of the Global Value Chain: The Romania–Veneto Network in Footwear and Clothing. Regional Studies, 45(2), 187-203. doi:10.1080/00343401003596299Dierickx, I., & Cool, K. (1989). Asset Stock Accumulation and Sustainability of Competitive Advantage. Management Science, 35(12), 1504-1511. doi:10.1287/mnsc.35.12.1504Dyer, J. H., & Singh, H. (1998). The Relational View: Cooperative Strategy and Sources of Interorganizational Competitive Advantage. The Academy of Management Review, 23(4), 660. doi:10.2307/259056Eraydin, A., & Armatli-Köroğlu, B. (2005). Innovation, networking and the new industrial clusters: the characteristics of networks and local innovation capabilities in the Turkish industrial clusters. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 17(4), 237-266. doi:10.1080/08985620500202632Evenson, R. E., & Kislev, Y. (1973). Research and Productivity in Wheat and Maize. Journal of Political Economy, 81(6), 1309-1329. doi:10.1086/260129Expósito-Langa, M., Molina-Morales, F. X., & Capó-Vicedo, J. (2011). New Product Development and Absorptive Capacity in Industrial Districts: A Multidimensional Approach. Regional Studies, 45(3), 319-331. doi:10.1080/00343400903241535Foss, N. J. (1996). Higher-order industrial Capabilities and competitive advantage. Journal of Industry Studies, 3(1), 1-20. doi:10.1080/13662719600000001George, G., Robley Wood, D., & Khan, R. (2001). Networking strategy of boards: implications for small and medium-sized enterprises. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 13(3), 269-285. doi:10.1080/08985620110058115Giuliani, E. 2005. The structure of cluster knowledge networks: Uneven and selective, not pervasive and collective. DRUID Working Paper no. 05-11Giuliani, E., & Bell, M. (2005). The micro-determinants of meso-level learning and innovation: evidence from a Chilean wine cluster. Research Policy, 34(1), 47-68. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2004.10.008Glasmeier, A. (1991). Technological discontinuities and flexible production networks: The case of Switzerland and the world watch industry. Research Policy, 20(5), 469-485. doi:10.1016/0048-7333(91)90070-7Grant, R. M. (1996). Prospering in Dynamically-Competitive Environments: Organizational Capability as Knowledge Integration. Organization Science, 7(4), 375-387. doi:10.1287/orsc.7.4.375Guerrieri, P., & Pietrobelli, C. (2004). Industrial districts’ evolution and technological regimes: Italy and Taiwan. Technovation, 24(11), 899-914. doi:10.1016/s0166-4972(03)00048-8Huggins, R., & Johnston, A. (2010). Knowledge flow and inter-firm networks: The influence of network resources, spatial proximity and firm size. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 22(5), 457-484. doi:10.1080/08985620903171350Ibarra, H. (1992). Homophily and Differential Returns: Sex Differences in Network Structure and Access in an Advertising Firm. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37(3), 422. doi:10.2307/2393451Lane, P. J., & Lubatkin, M. (1998). Relative absorptive capacity and interorganizational learning. Strategic Management Journal, 19(5), 461-477. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199805)19:53.0.co;2-lLechner, C., Frankenberger, K., & Floyd, S. W. (2010). Task Contingencies in the Curvilinear Relationships Between Intergroup Networks and Initiative Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53(4), 865-889. doi:10.5465/amj.2010.52814620Levin, D. Z., & Cross, R. (2004). The Strength of Weak Ties You Can Trust: The Mediating Role of Trust in Effective Knowledge Transfer. Management Science, 50(11), 1477-1490. doi:10.1287/mnsc.1030.0136Madill, J. J., Haines, G. H., & Riding, A. L. (2004). Networks and linkages among firms and organizations in the Ottawa-region technology cluster. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 16(5), 351-368. doi:10.1080/0898562042000188414Maskell, P. (1998). Low-Tech Competitive Advantages and the Role Of Proximity. European Urban and Regional Studies, 5(2), 99-118. doi:10.1177/096977649800500201Maskell, P. (2001). Towards a Knowledge-based Theory of the Geographical Cluster. Industrial and Corporate Change, 10(4), 921-943. doi:10.1093/icc/10.4.921McEvily, B., & Marcus, A. (2005). Embedded ties and the acquisition of competitive capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 26(11), 1033-1055. doi:10.1002/smj.484McEvily, B., & Zaheer, A. (1999). Bridging ties: a source of firm heterogeneity in competitive capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 20(12), 1133-1156. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(199912)20:123.0.co;2-7Xavier Molina-Morales, F., & Teresa Martínez-Fernández, M. (2006). Industrial districts: something more than a neighbourhood. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 18(6), 503-524. doi:10.1080/08985620600884750Molina-Morales, F. X., & Martínez-Fernández, M. T. (2009). Too much love in the neighborhood can hurt: how an excess of intensity and trust in relationships may produce negative effects on firms. Strategic Management Journal, 30(9), 1013-1023. doi:10.1002/smj.766Morrison, A. (2008). Gatekeepers of Knowledgewithin Industrial Districts: Who They Are, How They Interact. Regional Studies, 42(6), 817-835. doi:10.1080/00343400701654178Morrison, A., & Rabellotti, R. (2009). Knowledge and Information Networks in an Italian Wine Cluster. European Planning Studies, 17(7), 983-1006. doi:10.1080/09654310902949265Mowery, D. C., Oxley, J. E., & Silverman, B. S. (1996). Strategic alliances and interfirm knowledge transfer. Strategic Management Journal, 17(S2), 77-91. doi:10.1002/smj.4250171108Nahapiet, J., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage. The Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 242. doi:10.2307/259373O’Connor, G. C. (1998). Market Learning and Radical Innovation: A Cross Case Comparison of Eight Radical Innovation Projects. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 15(2), 151-166. doi:10.1111/1540-5885.1520151Oba, B., & Semerciöz, F. (2005). Antecedents of trust in industrial districts: an empirical analysis of inter-firm relations in a Turkish industrial district. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 17(3), 163-182. doi:10.1080/08985620500102964Parrilli, M. D. (2009). Collective efficiency, policy inducement and social embeddedness: Drivers for the development of industrial districts. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 21(1), 1-24. doi:10.1080/08985620801886513Podolny, J. M., & Baron, J. N. (1997). Resources and Relationships: Social Networks and Mobility in the Workplace. American Sociological Review, 62(5), 673. doi:10.2307/2657354Porter, M. E. (1990). The Competitive Advantage of Nations. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-11336-1Pouder, R., & St. John, C. H. (1996). Hot Spots and Blind Spots: Geographical Clusters of Firms and Innovation. Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 1192-1225. doi:10.5465/amr.1996.9704071867Torre, A., & Rallet, A. (2005). Proximity and Localization. Regional Studies, 39(1), 47-59. doi:10.1080/0034340052000320842Rosenkopf, L., & Almeida, P. (2003). Overcoming Local Search Through Alliances and Mobility. Management Science, 49(6), 751-766. doi:10.1287/mnsc.49.6.751.16026Rosenthal, S. S., & Strange, W. C. (2003). Geography, Industrial Organization, and Agglomeration. Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(2), 377-393. doi:10.1162/003465303765299882Rowley, T., Behrens, D., & Krackhardt, D. (2000). Redundant governance structures: an analysis of structural and relational embeddedness in the steel and semiconductor industries. Strategic Management Journal, 21(3), 369-386. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0266(200003)21:33.0.co;2-mRusso, M. (1985). Technical change and the industrial district: The role of interfirm relations in the growth and transformation of ceramic tile production in Italy. Research Policy, 14(6), 329-343. doi:10.1016/0048-7333(85)90003-4Sammarra, A., & Belussi, F. (2006). Evolution and relocation in fashion-led Italian districts: evidence from two case-studies. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 18(6), 543-562. doi:10.1080/08985620600884685Simmie, J. (2004). Innovation and Clustering in the Globalised International Economy. Urban Studies, 41(5-6), 1095-1112. doi:10.1080/00420980410001675823Sparrowe, R. T., Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., & Kraimer, M. L. (2001). SOCIAL NETWORKS AND THE PERFORMANCE OF INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS. Academy of Management Journal, 44(2), 316-325. doi:10.2307/3069458STABER, U. (2007). Contextualizing Research on Social Capital in Regional Clusters. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 31(3), 505-521. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2007.00742.xStock, G. N., Greis, N. P., & Fischer, W. A. (2001). Absorptive capacity and new product development. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 12(1), 77-91. doi:10.1016/s1047-8310(00)00040-7Tallman, S., Jenkins, M., Henry, N., & Pinch, S. (2004). Knowledge, Clusters, and Competitive Advantage. The Academy of Management Review, 29(2), 258. doi:10.2307/20159032Thompson, P., & Fox-Kean, M. (2005). Patent Citations and the Geography of Knowledge Spillovers: A Reassessment. American Economic Review, 95(1), 450-460. doi:10.1257/0002828053828509Tsai, W. (2001). KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER IN INTRAORGANIZATIONAL NETWORKS: EFFECTS OF NETWORK POSITION AND ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY ON BUSINESS UNIT INNOVATION AND PERFORMANCE. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5), 996-1004. doi:10.2307/3069443Tsai, W., & Ghoshal, S. (1998). SOCIAL CAPITAL AND VALUE CREATION: THE ROLE OF INTRAFIRM NETWORKS. Academy of Management Journal, 41(4), 464-476. doi:10.2307/257085Tushman, M., & Nadler, D. (1986). Organizing for Innovation. California Management Review, 28(3), 74-92. doi:10.2307/41165203Uzzi, B. (1997). Social Structure and Competition in Interfirm Networks: The Paradox of Embeddedness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1), 35. doi:10.2307/2393808Varaldo, R., & Ferrucci, L. (1996). The evolutionary nature of the firm within industrial districts. European Planning Studies, 4(1), 27-34. doi:10.1080/09654319608720327Waxell, A., & Malmberg, A. (2007). What is global and what is local in knowledge-generating interaction? The case of the biotech cluster in Uppsala, Sweden. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 19(2), 137-159. doi:10.1080/08985620601061184Yli-Renko, H., Autio, E., & Sapienza, H. J. (2001). Social capital, knowledge acquisition, and knowledge exploitation in young technology-based firms. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6-7), 587-613. doi:10.1002/smj.183ZUCKER, L. G., DARBY, M. R., & ARMSTRONG, J. (1998). GEOGRAPHICALLY LOCALIZED KNOWLEDGE: SPILLOVERS OR MARKETS? Economic Inquiry, 36(1), 65-86. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1998.tb01696.

Antinociception produced by Thalassia testudinum extract BM-21 is mediated by the inhibition of acid sensing ionic channels by the phenolic compound thalassiolin B

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) have a significant role in the sensation of pain and constitute an important target for the search of new antinociceptive drugs. In this work we studied the antinociceptive properties of the BM-21 extract, obtained from the sea grass <it>Thalassia testudinum</it>, in chemical and thermal models of nociception in mice. The action of the BM-21 extract and the major phenolic component isolated from this extract, a sulphated flavone glycoside named thalassiolin B, was studied in the chemical nociception test and in the ASIC currents of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons obtained from Wistar rats.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Behavioral antinociceptive experiments were made on male OF-1 mice. Single oral administration of BM-21 produced a significant inhibition of chemical nociception caused by acetic acid and formalin (specifically during its second phase), and increased the reaction time in the hot plate test. Thalassiolin B reduced the licking behavior during both the phasic and tonic phases in the formalin test. It was also found that BM-21 and thalassiolin B selectively inhibited the fast desensitizing (τ < 400 ms) ASIC currents in DRG neurons obtained from Wistar rats, with a nonsignificant action on ASIC currents with a slow desensitizing time-course. The action of thalassiolin B shows no pH or voltage dependence nor is it modified by steady-state ASIC desensitization or voltage. The high concentration of thalassiolin B in the extract may account for the antinociceptive action of BM-21.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>To our knowledge, this is the first report of an ASIC-current inhibitor derived of a marine-plant extract, and in a phenolic compound. The antinociceptive effects of BM-21 and thalassiolin B may be partially because of this action on the ASICs. That the active components of the extract are able to cross the blood-brain barrier gives them an additional advantage for future uses as tools to study pain mechanisms with a potential therapeutic application.</p

Pneumococcal Serotypes Colonise the Nasopharynx in Children at Different Densities.

Prevalence of pneumococcal serotypes in carriage and disease has been described but absolute serotype colonisation densities have not been reported. 515 paediatric nasal swab DNA extracts were subjected to lytA qPCR and molecular serotyping by microarray. Absolute serotype densities were derived from total pneumococcal density (qPCR cycle threshold and standard curve) and relative abundance (microarray) and varied widely. Compared to all serotype densities observed, the strongest evidence of differences was seen for serotypes 21 and 35B (higher) and 3, 38 and non-typeables (lower) (p<0.05) with a similar hierarchy when only a single serotype carriage was assessed. There was no evidence of any overall density differences between children with single or multiple serotypes detected but serotypes with mid-range densities were more prevalent. The hierarchy of distinct pneumococcal serotype carriage densities described here for the first time, may help explain the dynamics of transmission between children

A piperidinium salt stabilizes efficient metal-halide perovskite solar cells

Longevity has been a long-standing concern for hybrid perovskite photovoltaics. We demonstrate high-resilience positive-intrinsic-negative perovskite solar cells by incorporating a piperidinium-based ionic compound into the formamidinium-cesium lead-trihalide perovskite absorber. With the bandgap tuned to be well suited for perovskite-on-silicon tandem cells, this piperidinium additive enhances the open-circuit voltage and cell efficiency. This additive also retards compositional segregation into impurity phases and pinhole formation in the perovskite absorber layer during aggressive aging. Under full-spectrum simulated sunlight in ambient atmosphere, our unencapsulated and encapsulated cells retain 80 and 95% of their peak and post-burn-in efficiencies for 1010 and 1200 hours at 60° and 85°C, respectively. Our analysis reveals detailed degradation routes that contribute to the failure of aged cells

Colon cancer controls versus population controls in case-control studies of occupational risk factors

BACKGROUND: Since updated population registers do not exist in many countries it is often difficult to sample valid population controls from the study base to a case-control study. Use of patient controls is an alternative option if the exposure experience under study for these patients are interchangeable with the experience for population controls. Patient controls may even be preferable from population controls under certain conditions. In this study we examine if colon cancer patients can serve as surrogates for proper population controls in case-control studies of occupational risk factors. METHODS: The study was conducted from 1995 to 1997. Incident colon cancer controls (N = 428) aged 35–69 years with a histological verified diagnosis and population controls (N = 583) were selected. Altogether 254 (59%) of the colon cancer controls and 320 (55%) of the population controls were interviewed about occupational, medical and life style conditions. RESULTS: No statistical significant difference for educational level, medical history or smoking status was seen between the two control groups. There was evidence of a higher alcohol intake, less frequent work as a farmer and less exposure to pesticides among colon cancer controls. CONCLUSIONS: Use of colon cancer controls may provide valid exposure estimates in studies of many occupational risk factors for cancer, but not for studies on exposure related to farming

Requirement for Abasic Endonuclease Gene Homologues in Arabidopsis Seed Development

Arabidopsis thaliana has three genes, Ape1L, Ape2, and Arp, that show homology to abasic (apurinic/apyrimidinic) endonuclease genes of bacterial, yeast, or animal cells. In bacteria, yeast, and animals, abasic endonucleases function in base excision repair of oxidized and other modified DNA bases. Here we report that plants with knock-out mutations in any one of Ape1L, Ape2, or Arp show no apparent differences from wild type in growth rate, growth habit, and fertility. However, coincident knock-out mutations in Ape1L and Ape2 are lethal and lead to abortion of developing embryos. Mutations of Arp are not deleterious, even in combination with one of the other two mutations. The results are consistent with the interpretation that the process of base excision repair, involving at least one intact copy of Ape1L or Ape2, is required in the process of embryogenesis

Investigation, treatment and monitoring of late-onset hypogonadism in males: ISA, ISSAM, EAU, EAA and ASA recommendations

SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe