Políticas para el Desarrollo de Empresas Biotecnológicas en Latinoamérica con miras al Bicentenario: El Caso de Chile

Article in Spanish Most of the latin american countries, between 2010 and 2015, Hill celebrate 200 years of independence and most of them Project to live this milestone with characteristics of Developed country. In Chile, the challenge has taken seriously by several institutions and is projected that, in 2010, the Chilean economy will be based on the knowledge and the innovation. Chile, with the credit support of international bank institutions, and also the savings product principally of the highest copper prices, framed in a organized expense policy, wish to invest a lot more that the historic Science and Technology (C&T) (CONICYT, 2006).La mayoría de los países latinoamericanos, entre el 2010 y el 2025, cumplirán los 200 años de independencia y muchos de ellos esperan vivir este acontecimiento con atuendos de país desarrollado. En Chile, el desafío ha sido tomado muy en serio por diversas instituciones y se espera que, en el 2010, la economía chilena se base, efectivamente, en el conocimiento y la innovación. Chile, con el apoyo crediticio de instituciones bancarias internacionales y los ahorros, producto de los elevados precios del cobre dentro de una política de gasto ordenada, desea invertir mucho más de lo que ha sido el gasto histórico en Ciencia y Tecnología (C&T) (CONICYT, 2006).La mayoría de los países latinoamericanos, entre el 2010 y el 2025, cumplirán los 200 años de independencia y muchos de ellos esperan vivir este acontecimiento con atuendos de país desarrollado. En Chile, el desafío ha sido tomado muy en serio por diversas instituciones y se espera que, en el 2010, la economía chilena se base, efectivamente, en el conocimiento y la innovación. Chile, con el apoyo crediticio de instituciones bancarias internacionales y los ahorros, producto de los elevados precios del cobre dentro de una política de gasto ordenada, desea invertir mucho más de lo que ha sido el gasto histórico en Ciencia y Tecnología (C&T) (CONICYT, 2006)

Transformaciones de la familia conyugal en Chile en el período de la transición democrática (1990-2011)

La familia conyugal (matrimonio por voluntad propia, para toda la vida, sustentado en el amor a la pareja, viviendo en un hogar, para procrear y criar juntos los/as hijos: la mujer a cargo de la crianza y las tareas domésticas y el hombre como proveedor y autoridad)estuvo en el centro de las políticas públicas en Chile durante gran parte del siglo XX. Este artículo profundiza en los cambios que se habrían producido en esta configuración familiar en las últimas dos décadas –de transición democrática–, a partir de su contexto histórico, tensiones y conflictos. Para ello se reprocesó, de las bases de datos de las Encuestas CASEN 1990, 2000, 2009 y 2011,la información sobre hogares biparentales con al menos 1 hijo/a, para profundizar sobre esta configuración familiar; tomando los recaudos del caso, porque la CASEN es una encuesta de hogares, no de familias.The conjugal family (marriage by choice, for life, based on love for the couple, living in a home, to procreate and raise together the children: the woman in charge of raising and of housework, and the male as breadwinner and authority) was at the center of public policy in Chile during much of the twentieth century. This article deepens on the changes occurred in this family configuration in the last two decades of democratic transition, from its historical context, tensions and conflicts. Information was re-processed from data bases of the CASEN Surveys 1990, 2000, 2009 and 2011, the data on two-parent households with at least one child, to deepen the knowledge about this family setting, undertaking the necessary caution, since CASEN is a household survey and not a survey of families.A família conjugal (casamento por opção, para toda a vida, baseada no amor do casal, morando no lar, para procriar e criar juntos aos filhos/filhas: a mulher no comando da formação e o trabalho doméstico eo homem como provedor e autoridade) esteve no centro das políticas públicas no Chile durante grande parte do século XX. Este artigo explora as mudanças que ocorreram nesta configuração familiar nas últimas duas décadas de transição democrática, a partir de seu contexto histórico, tensões e conflitos. Para isso, foram reprocessados os Bancos de dados das Pesquisas CASEN 1990, 2000, 2009 e 2011, com informações sobre as famílias biparentais com pelo menos 1 filho/a, para aprofundar essa configuração familiar, tomando as precauções do caso, porque a Casen é um levantamento dos lares, e não das famílias

Aporte estructural de mezcla asfáltica en caliente con inclusión de plástico PET por vía seca a estructuras de pavimento flexible para vías de bajo tráfico según especificaciones INVIAS

Trabajo de investigaciónEl objetivo de este documento se basa en efectuar un análisis comparativo de un pavimento flexible de estructuras convencionales respecto a estructuras con mezclas asfálticas incorporando el plástico tipo PET, sobre una estructura de pavimento planteada a partir de los módulos resilientes encontrados en las investigaciones ya existentes y así mismo según la guía de diseño de pavimentos flexibles para bajo tráfico del INVIAS; en consecuencia, la investigación evaluará las características de calidad del material basados en las especificaciones del Instituto Nacional de Vías y bases de datos, adaptándolas para ser usadas con plástico tipo PET, posteriormente realizar el análisis de datos obtenidos, y así poder evaluar el aporte estructural de las mezclas asfálticas en caliente con inclusión de PET.1. INTRODUCCIÓN 2. ANTECEDENTES Y JUSTIFICACIÓN 3. PLANTEAMIENTO Y FORMULACIÓN DEL PROBLEMA 4. OBJETIVOS 5. ALCANCES Y LIMITACIONES 6. ESTADO DEL ARTE 7. MARCO TEÓRICO 8. METODOLOGÍA 9. RESULTADOS 10. ANÁLISIS DE RESULTADOS 11. MODELACIÓN PAVIMENTO 12. CONCLUSIONES 13. ANEXOS 14. BIBLIOGRAFÍAPregradoIngeniero Civi

Productividad total de los factores en la agricultura chilena: 1961-1996

[EN] The main objective of this paper is to determine the productivity growth in the Chilean Agricultural sector during the 1961-1996 period. Total Factor Productivity (TFP) was calculated using the Törnqvist index, which is a discrete approximation to the Divisia index. The data used to estimate these indexes are prices and quantities for 51 crops, and for four inputs —labor, land, capital and intermediate factors. The rate of annual growth for the period 1961-96 was 2,69% and –0,09%, for products and inputs, respectively. Therefore, the TFP grew at an average annual rate of 2,78%. Given a significant annual variability in TFP growth, an analysis was carried out for seven sub-periods corresponding to different political regimes. TFP grew at an annual average of 1,83% with Alessandri (1961-64), 3,12% under the period of Frei Montalva (1965-70), 1,52% during the Allende years (1971-73), 6,11% during the first part of the Pinochet regime and –0,28% in the second period of Pinochet (1981-89), 3,12% during Aylwin (1990-93) and 5,28% under Frei Ruiz-Tagle (1994-96). The results suggest that the land reform program implemented in the 1960s did not have a negative effect on TFP growth, as has been previously argued by some authors.[ES] El objetivo de este trabajo es medir el cambio de la productividad en la agricultura chilena durante el período 1961-1996. La Productividad Total de los Factores (PTF) fue calculada mediante índices Törnqvist. Los datos utilizados para estimar estos índices incluyen precios y cantidades de 51 cultivos, de la mano de obra, de la tierra, del capital y de factores intermedios. El análisis revela que mientras los productos crecieron un 2,69% anual, el uso de factores de producción bajó un 0,09%; por lo tanto, la PTF creció a una tasa promedio anual del 2,78% entre 1961 y 1996. Se realizó además un análisis para siete períodos correspondientes a diferentes regímenes políticos. La PTF creció a un promedio anual de 1,83% con Alessandri (1961-64), 3,12% bajo el período de Frei Montalva (1965-70), 1,52% durante Allende (1971-73), 6,11% en la primera parte del régimen de Pinochet y -0,28% en el segundo período de Pinochet (1981-89), 3,12% bajo Aylwin (1990-93) y 5,28% bajo Frei Ruiz-Tagle (1994-96). Los resultados sugieren que el programa de reforma agraria implementado en los sesenta no tuvo un efecto negativo en el crecimiento de la PTF.Olavarría, JA.; Bravo-Ureta, B.; Cocchi, H. (2004). Total factor productivity in the chilean crop sector: 1961-1996. Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales - Agricultural and Resource Economics. 4(8):121-132. doi:10.7201/earn.2004.08.07SWORD1211324

Head Position in Stroke Trial (HeadPoST)- sitting-up vs lying-flat positioning of patients with acute stroke: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial

Background Positioning a patient lying-flat in the acute phase of ischaemic stroke may improve recovery and reduce disability, but such a possibility has not been formally tested in a randomised trial. We therefore initiated the Head Position in Stroke Trial (HeadPoST) to determine the effects of lying-flat (0°) compared with sitting-up (≥30°) head positioning in the first 24 hours of hospital admission for patients with acute stroke. Methods/Design We plan to conduct an international, cluster randomised, crossover, open, blinded outcome-assessed clinical trial involving 140 study hospitals (clusters) with established acute stroke care programs. Each hospital will be randomly assigned to sequential policies of lying-flat (0°) or sitting-up (≥30°) head position as a ‘business as usual’ stroke care policy during the first 24 hours of admittance. Each hospital is required to recruit 60 consecutive patients with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS), and all patients with acute intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) (an estimated average of 10), in the first randomised head position policy before crossing over to the second head position policy with a similar recruitment target. After collection of in-hospital clinical and management data and 7-day outcomes, central trained blinded assessors will conduct a telephone disability assessment with the modified Rankin Scale at 90 days. The primary outcome for analysis is a shift (defined as improvement) in death or disability on this scale. For a cluster size of 60 patients with AIS per intervention and with various assumptions including an intracluster correlation coefficient of 0.03, a sample size of 16,800 patients at 140 centres will provide 90 % power (α 0.05) to detect at least a 16 % relative improvement (shift) in an ordinal logistic regression analysis of the primary outcome. The treatment effect will also be assessed in all patients with ICH who are recruited during each treatment study period. Discussion HeadPoST is a large international clinical trial in which we will rigorously evaluate the effects of different head positioning in patients with acute stroke. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02162017 (date of registration: 27 April 2014); ANZCTR identifier: ACTRN12614000483651 (date of registration: 9 May 2014). Protocol version and date: version 2.2, 19 June 2014

Cetacean strandings from space: Challenges and opportunities of very high resolution satellites for the remote monitoring of cetacean mass strandings

The study of cetacean strandings was globally recognised as a priority topic at the 2019 World Marine Mammal Conference, in recognition of its importance for understanding the threats to cetacean communities and, more broadly, the threats to ecosystem and human health. Rising multifaceted anthropogenic and environmental threats across the globe, as well as whale population recovery from exploitation in some areas, are likely to coincide with an increase in reported strandings. However, the current methods to monitor strandings are inherently biased towards populated coastlines, highlighting the need for additional surveying tools in remote regions. Very High Resolution (VHR) satellite imagery offers the prospect of upscaling monitoring of mass strandings in minimally populated/unpopulated and inaccessible areas, over broad spatial and temporal scales, supporting and informing intervention on the ground, and can be used to retrospectively analyse historical stranding events. Here we (1) compile global strandings information to identify the current data gaps; (2) discuss the opportunities and challenges of using VHR satellite imagery to monitor strandings using the case study of the largest known baleen whale mass stranding event (3) consider where satellites hold the greatest potential for monitoring strandings remotely and; (4) outline a roadmap for satellite monitoring. To utilise this platform to monitor mass strandings over global scales, considerable technical, practical and environmental challenges need to be addressed and there needs to be inclusivity in opportunity from the onset, through knowledge sharing and equality of access to imagery

Using remote sensing to detect whale strandings in remote areas: the case of sei whales mass mortality in Chilean Patagonia

We test the ability of Very High Resolution satellite (VHR) imagery to detect stranded whales using both manual and automated methods. We use the 2015 mass mortality event in the Gulf of Penas locality, central Patagonia, Chile, as an initial case study. This event was the largest known mass mortality of baleen whales, with at least 343 whales, mainly sei whales (Balaenoptera borealis), documented as stranding. However, even with such a large number of whales, due to the remote location of the gulf the strandings went unrecorded for several weeks. Aerial and boat surveys of the area were conducted two to four months after the mortality event. In this study we use 50cm resolution WorldView2 imagery to identify and count strandings from two archival images acquired just after the stranding event and two months before the aerial and ground surveys, and to test manual and automated methods of detecting stranded whales. Our findings show that whales are easily detected manually in the images but due to the heterogeneous colouration of decomposing whales, spectral indices are unsuitable for automatic detection. Our satellite counts suggest that, at the time the satellite images were taken, more whales were stranded than recorded in the aerial survey, possibly due to the non-comprehensive coverage of the aerial survey or movement of the carcases between survey acquisition. With even higher resolution imagery now available, satellite imagery may be a cost effective alternative to aerial surveys for future assessment of the extent of mass whale stranding events, especially in remote and inaccessible areas

Lipid-lowering pretreatment and outcome following intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke: a post hoc analysis of the enhanced control of hypertension and thrombolysis stroke study trial

Background: Debate exists as to whether statin pretreatment confers an increased risk of 90-day mortality and symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (sICH) in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis. We assessed the effects of undifferentiated lipid-lowering pretreatment on outcomes and interaction with low-dose versus standard-dose alteplase in a post hoc subgroup ­analysis of the Enhanced Control of Hypertension and Thrombolysis Stroke Study. Methods: In all, 3,284 thrombolysis-eligible AIS patients (mean age 66.6 years; 38% women), with information on lipid-lowering pretreatment, were randomly assigned to low-dose (0.6 mg/kg) or standard-dose (0.9 mg/kg) intravenous alteplase within 4.5 h of symptom onset. Of the total number of patients, 615 (19%) received statin or other lipid-lowering pretreatment. The primary clinical outcome was combined endpoint of death or disability (modified Rankin Scale scores 2–6) at 90 days. Results: Compared with patients with no lipid-lowering pretreatment, those with lipid-lowering pretreatment were significantly older, more likely to be non-Asian and more likely to have a medical history including vascular co-morbidity. After propensity analysis assessment and adjustment for important baseline variables at the time of randomisation, as well as imbalances in management during the first 7 days of hospital admission, there were no significant differences in mortality (OR 0.85; 95% CI 0.58–1.25, p = 0.42), or in overall ­90-day death and disability (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.67–1.09, p = 0.19), despite a significant decrease in sICH among those with ­lipid-lowering pretreatment according to the European Co-operative Acute Stroke Study 2 definition (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.28–0.83, p = 0.009). No differences in key efficacy or safety outcomes were seen in patients with and without lipid-lowering pretreatment between low- and standard-dose alteplase arms. Conclusions: Lipid-lowering pretreatment is not associated with adverse outcome in AIS patients treated with intravenous alteplase, whether assessed by 90-day death and disability or death alone

Co-production of hydrogen and ethanol from glucose in Escherichia coli by activation of pentose-phosphate pathway through deletion of phosphoglucose isomerase (pgi) and overexpression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (zwf) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (gnd)

Background: Biologically, hydrogen (H-2) can be produced through dark fermentation and photofermentation. Dark fermentation is fast in rate and simple in reactor design, but H-2 production yield is unsatisfactorily low as < 4 mol H-2/ mol glucose. To address this challenge, simultaneous production of H-2 and ethanol has been suggested. Co-production of ethanol andH(2) requires enhanced formation of NAD(P) H during catabolism of glucose, which can be accomplished by diversion of glycolytic flux from the Embden-Meyerh-of-Parnas (EMP) pathway to the pentose-phosphate (PP) pathway in Escherichia coli. However, the disruption of pgi (phosphoglucose isomerase) for complete diversion of carbon flux to the PP pathway made E. coli unable to grow on glucose under anaerobic condition. Results: Here, we demonstrate that, when glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Zwf) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (Gnd), two major enzymes of the PP pathway, are homologously overexpressed, E. coli.pgi can recover its anaerobic growth capability on glucose. Further, with additional deletions of Delta hycA,Delta hyaAB,Delta hybBC,Delta ldhA, and Delta frdAB, the recombinant.pgi mutant could produce 1.69 mol H-2 and 1.50 mol ethanol from 1 mol glucose. However, acetate was produced at 0.18 mol mol(-1) glucose, indicating that some carbon is metabolized through the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway. To further improve the flux via the PP pathway, heterologous zwf and gnd from Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Gluconobacter oxydans, respectively, which are less inhibited by NADPH, were overexpressed. The new recombinant produced more ethanol at 1.62 mol mol(-1) glucose along with 1.74 mol H-2 mol(-1) glucose, which are close to the theoretically maximal yields, 1.67 mol mol(-1) each for ethanol andH(2). However, the attempt to delete the ED pathway in the.pgi mutant to operate the PP pathway as the sole glycolytic route, was unsuccessful. Conclusions: By deletion of pgi and overexpression of heterologous zwf and gnd in E. coli Delta hycA Delta hyaAB Delta hybBC Delta ldhA Delta frdAB, two important biofuels, ethanol andH(2), could be successfully co-produced at high yields close to their theoretical maximums. The strains developed in this study should be applicable for the production of other biofuels and biochemicals, which requires supply of excessive reducing power under anaerobic conditions