Optical Properties of Cu2S/SnS2 Precursor Layers for the Preparation of Kesterite Cu2SnS3 Photovoltaic Absorber

The Cu2S and SnS2 layers have been prepared by the chemical bath deposition method. The results of SEM and EDX analyses confirm a high stoichiometry of the synthesized semiconductor thin films. The optical properties of the Cu2S and SnS2 layers have been studied, and the optical band gap values have been determined. Keywords: thin films, sulfides, band gap, hydrochemical deposition, transmittance, photovoltaic absorbe

Non-conservative Evolution of Cataclysmic Variables

We suggest a new mechanism to account for the loss of angular momentum in binaries with non-conservative mass exchange. It is shown that in some cases the loss of matter can result in increase of the orbital angular momentum of a binary. If included into consideration in evolutionary calculations, this mechanism appreciably extends the range of mass ratios of components for which mass exchange in binaries is stable. It becomes possible to explain the existence of some observed cataclysmic binaries with high donor/accretor mass ratio, which was prohibited in conservative evolution models.Comment: LaTeX, 32 pages, to be published in Astron. Z

ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ПРИЗНАНИЯ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ В КАЧЕСТВЕ СЛУЖЕБНЫХ ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЙ

The value of intellectual property is now growing by the day in view of globalization of economic processes and integration of the Russian Federation into the world economy. The need for development of legislation in the field of intellectual property, improvement of legal mechanisms to protect the intellectual deliverables is dictated by a market economy, changes in social relations, as well as the inconsistency of regulatory enforcement, which prevents from proper implementation of the individual’s rights in the sphere of intellectual property realization. Over the past decade, the entrepreneurial activity has demonstrated an increase in a number of facts of recognition of the intellectual property created by an employee as work for hire (WFH). Under these procedures, both employers and employees often make mistakes that subsequently lead to such items being non-protectable. The point is that the current legislation has no procedure or criteria to recognize the intellectual property created by employees as WFH. However, failure to observe the procedures regulated by tax legislation when recognizing the results of an employee's intellectual activity as WFH poses a high risk for instituting administrative action against the employer. In this paper, we will try to determine the procedure and criteria for recognizing the results of an employee's intellectual activity as WFH.El valor de la propiedad intelectual está creciendo día a día en vista de la globalización de los procesos económicos y la integración de la Federación de Rusia en la economía mundial. La necesidad de desarrollar una legislación en el campo de la propiedad intelectual, la mejora de los mecanismos legales para proteger los resultados intelectuales está dictada por una economía de mercado, los cambios en las relaciones sociales, así como la inconsistencia de la aplicación de la normativa, que impide la implementación adecuada de Derechos del individuo en el ámbito de la realización de la propiedad intelectual. Durante la última década, la actividad empresarial ha demostrado un aumento en una serie de hechos de reconocimiento de la propiedad intelectual creada por un empleado como trabajo por contrato (FMH). Según estos procedimientos, tanto los empleadores como los empleados a menudo cometen errores que posteriormente conducen a que dichos elementos no sean protegibles. El punto es que la legislación actual no tiene procedimientos ni criterios para reconocer la propiedad intelectual creada por los empleados como FMH. Sin embargo, el incumplimiento de los procedimientos regulados por la legislación fiscal al reconocer los resultados de la actividad intelectual de un empleado como FMH plantea un alto riesgo de iniciar acciones administrativas contra el empleador. En este documento, trataremos de determinar el procedimiento y los criterios para reconocer los resultados de la actividad intelectual de un empleado como FMH.В настоящее время значение интеллектуальной собственности возрастает с каждым днём в связи с глобализацией экономических процессов и интеграцией Российской Федерации в мировую экономику. Необходимость развития законодательства в сфере интеллектуальной собственности, совершенствование механизмов правовой охраны интеллектуальной собственности диктуется условиями рыночной экономики, изменениями общественных отношений, а также противоречивостью правоприменительной практики, которая не позволяет в полной мере обеспечить реализацию прав субъектов в сфере использования результатов интеллектуальной деятельности. В предпринимательской деятельности за последнее десятилетие происходит увеличение количества фактов признания результатов интеллектуальной деятельности, созданных работником в качестве служебных произведений. В рамках этих процедур работодатели и работники часто допускают ошибки, которые впоследствии приводят к неохраноспособности таких объектов. Сложность заключается в том, что в действующем законодательстве отсутствует порядок и критерии признания созданных работниками объектов интеллектуальной собственности служебными произведениями. Однако при несоблюдении некоторых регламентированных налоговым законодательством процедур в процессе признания результатов интеллектуальной деятельности работника служебными произведениями возникают высокие риски привлечения работодателя к административной ответственности. В настоящей статье попытаемся определить порядок и критерии признания результатов интеллектуальной деятельности работника служебным произведением

T35 Epigenetic changes in human cervical carcinomas associated with viral induced pathogenesis

Epigenetics investigates mechanisms that control inheritance of gene expression program during somatic cell divisions. These mechanisms include regulation by DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications and nucleosome positioning, functioning of regulatory non-coding RNAs, control of alternative splicing of mRNA precursors and high-order chromatin organization. Genome-wide loss of epigenetic stability and increased epigenetic plasticity are common features of all tumor types. In normal tissues epigenetic plasticity allow cells to response on environment signals. Thus, in tumor cells its constitutive activation leads to epigenetic heterogeneity that are the additional hallmark of the most of the classical cancers. Cervical cancers are one of the most interesting models for the analysis of the role of epigenetic changes in tumor progression. These types of tumors are associated with infection of human papilloma viruses of so-called high-risk group (HR-HPV) and characterized by well-defined stages of malignant conversion from intraepithelial neoplasias to carcinomas. The viral DNA can persist in episomal form or integrates into the host-cell genome.Cellular genomes encode genetic information in their linear sequence, but appropriate gene expression requires chromosomes to fold into dynamic complex three-dimensional structures. Scaffold/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs) are specialized genomic DNA sequences that take part in organization of these structures. We demonstrated that methylation of S/MARs was required for their attachment to nuclear matrix and that methylation status of S/MARs was changed in cervical cancer cell compared to normal cells.DNA methylation plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression. We found that methylation of the regulatory sequences in the HPV16 genome specifically changes in transformed compared to the normal cervical epithelial cells. Next, we showed that methylation of the transcription factor binding sites modulates the viral oncogene expression. These data suggest that the HPV16 genome methylation may represent an important mechanism that initiates the development of HPV-associated tumors.Using next generation sequencing, we identified pattern of differentially expressed microRNAs in clinical samples of the cervical lesions. We confirmed expression of microRNAs that have been described previously as well as identified new microRNAs that can be potentially involved in the development and progression of cervical cancer. Spectrum of differentially expressed microRNAs includes microRNAs targeting tumor-suppressor genes as well as oncogenes.Telomerase is a key regulator of cell proliferation. This enzyme is silent in normal cells and activated in most of the tumors. Few forms of RNA (hTERT), encoded by telomerase gene were detected in different tumor cells and among them three forms (alfa, beta and gamma) are most well pronounced. We found that in cervical tumors expression of all three forms are significantly increased. In some cases, we also observe higher level of hTERT expression in neighboring “normal tissue”. The correlation between expression levels of these three forms varied on different stages of the disease (three stages on intraepithelial neoplasias and carcinomas). The function of these three hTERT forms is still not well understood

The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) of Three Spectrometers for the ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter

The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) package is an element of the Russian contribution to the ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) mission. ACS consists of three separate infrared spectrometers, sharing common mechanical, electrical, and thermal interfaces. This ensemble of spectrometers has been designed and developed in response to the Trace Gas Orbiter mission objectives that specifically address the requirement of high sensitivity instruments to enable the unambiguous detection of trace gases of potential geophysical or biological interest. For this reason, ACS embarks a set of instruments achieving simultaneously very high accuracy (ppt level), very high resolving power (>10,000) and large spectral coverage (0.7 to 17 μm—the visible to thermal infrared range). The near-infrared (NIR) channel is a versatile spectrometer covering the 0.7–1.6 μm spectral range with a resolving power of ∼20,000. NIR employs the combination of an echelle grating with an AOTF (Acousto-Optical Tunable Filter) as diffraction order selector. This channel will be mainly operated in solar occultation and nadir, and can also perform limb observations. The scientific goals of NIR are the measurements of water vapor, aerosols, and dayside or night side airglows. The mid-infrared (MIR) channel is a cross-dispersion echelle instrument dedicated to solar occultation measurements in the 2.2–4.4 μm range. MIR achieves a resolving power of >50,000. It has been designed to accomplish the most sensitive measurements ever of the trace gases present in the Martian atmosphere. The thermal-infrared channel (TIRVIM) is a 2-inch double pendulum Fourier-transform spectrometer encompassing the spectral range of 1.7–17 μm with apodized resolution varying from 0.2 to 1.3 cm−1. TIRVIM is primarily dedicated to profiling temperature from the surface up to ∼60 km and to monitor aerosol abundance in nadir. TIRVIM also has a limb and solar occultation capability. The technical concept of the instrument, its accommodation on the spacecraft, the optical designs as well as some of the calibrations, and the expected performances for its three channels are described

Upper limit on the ultra-high-energy photon flux from AGASA and Yakutsk data

We present the interpretation of the muon and scintillation signals of ultra-high-energy air showers observed by AGASA and Yakutsk extensive air shower array experiments. We consider case-by-case ten highest energy events with known muon content and conclude that at the 95% confidence level (C.L.) none of them was induced by a primary photon. Taking into account statistical fluctuations and differences in the energy estimation of proton and photon primaries, we derive an upper limit of 36% at 95% C.L. on the fraction of primary photons in the cosmic-ray flux above 10^20 eV. This result disfavors the Z-burst and superheavy dark-matter solutions to the GZK-cutoff problem.Comment: revtex, 8 pages, 4 figure