Results of the 2000 census of wild reindeer on the Taimyr Peninsula

We conducted a census of wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) on the Taimyr Peninsula during 21-25 July 2000. This was the eighteenth aerial population census of wild reindeer on the Taimyr since counts began in 1959. Prior to the census, we conducted reconnaissance flights to identify areas of reindeer concentration. After the reindeer became aggregated, we estimated group size both visually and by photographing the larger groups. Unusually hot and dry weather (temperatures of 25-30 °C) and a high density of mosquitoes during the census likely forced the reindeer to group into unusually large concentrations. In late July most of the reindeer in the Taimyr population were distributed in two groupings that contained at least 450 000 animals, and one area that contained about 110 000. Smaller groups found during the census and the estimated 43 000 resident wild reindeer that were not counted during the census brought the total minimum population estimate to about 1 040 000. The maximum number of wild reindeer present could have been as high as about 1 100 000

Electrophysiological Parameters of Sinus Node Function in Patients with Paroxysmal Tachyarrhythmias

to analyze the indicators of the function of the sinus node in patients of young age with paroxysmal tachycardia. Methods: study included 11 patients with suspected paroxysmal tachycardia, with an average age of 17±28. The basis for holding transesophageal electrophysiological study (TE EPS) was the clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of paroxysmal tachycardia. According to the results of Holter monitoring ECG (HM ECG) analyzed the minimum and maximum heart rate, number of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias, presence of pauses, rhythm and episodes of paroxysmal tachycardia. According to CHP, EFI estimated the initial heart rate (HR), recovery time of sinus node function (RTSNF), corrected recovery time of sinus node function (CRTSNF), point of Wenkebach (p. W), duration of the effective refractory period of the atrioventricular connections, presence of aberrant complexes and episodes of paroxysmal tachycardias before and after administration of atropine at a dose of 0.02 mg/kg. Results: Complaints characteristic of the tachyarrhythmia was diagnosed in 9 patients, episodes of heart rate more than 150 beats per minute in 7 patients. When conducting TE EPS obtained the following results: episodes of supraventricular tachycardia provoked in 8 patients (in two cases of paroxysmal tachycardia managed to provoke only after administration of atropine). Three of them have shimmer and atrial flutter episodes reciprocal tachycardia in five. Three patients provoke paroxysmal tachycardia failed, but they showed a shortening of the PQ interval and the appearance of aberrant QRS complexes when stimulated. In patients with paroxysmal SVT signs of sinus node dysfunction was detected in 6 patients, in the form of episodes of sinus arrhythmia (4 patients), migration pacemaker the atria (4 patients), sinoatrial blockade of II degree (3 patients), blockade of legs of bunch of gisa (2 patients), atrioventricular block degree II-III (1 patient), RTSNF more than 1500 MS in 1 patient, CRTSNF greater than 500 msec in 3 patients. Conclusion: in 6 of 9 patients with supraventricular paroxysmal tachycardia revealed signs of sinus node dysfunction, probably has a vagotonic in nature

Regional Aspects of Nosocomial Infection As a Medical and Social Problem

Prevention of nosocomial infection (NI) is an important medical and socioeconomic problem. And though certain organizational and practical measures are implemented in Russia every year to reduce NIs, the problem is still relevant from medical and social points of view. The risk of infection are both for patients and medical workers. In Russia, the minimum economic damage caused by NIs is 2.5–5 billion rubles annually. According to the Office of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare in the Republic of Mordovia, the total incidence of NI in the region is at a low level. The incidence rate was 0.01 per 1000 patients in hospitals. The dynamics of the last five years demonstrates a decrease in hospital-acquired infections. In the dynamics of the last five years, incidence rates of purulent-septic infections of newborns and postpartum women, postoperative purulent-septic complications and post-injection complications had an unstable downward trend. Thus, purulent-septic infections of newborns and postpartum women and postoperative infections are dominated in the structure of nosocomial infections. Analysis of dynamics of morbidity in recent years in the Republic of Mordovia suggests that the measures taken to prevent NI are quite effective and are manifested with consistently low rates

The Interstellar Medium of Quiescent Galaxies and its Evolution With Time

We characterise the basic far-IR (FIR) properties and the gas mass fraction of massive ( ~ 11.0) quiescent galaxies (QGs) and explore how these evolve from z = 2.0 to the present day. We use robust, multi-wavelength (mid- to far-IR and sub-millimetre to radio) stacking ensembles of homogeneously selected and mass complete samples of log(M*/Msun) > 10.8 QGs. We find that the dust to stellar mass ratio (Md/M*) rises steeply as a function of redshift up to z~1.0 and then remains flat at least out to z = 2.0. Using Md as a proxy of gas mass (Mgas), we find a similar trend for the evolution of the gas mass fraction (fgas) with z > 1.0 QGs having fgas ~ 7.0% (for solar metallicity). This fgas is 3 - 10 times lower than that of normal star forming galaxies (SFGs) at their corresponding redshift but ~3 and ~10 times larger compared to that of z = 0.5 and local QGs. Furthermore, the inferred gas depletion time scales are comparable to that of local SFGs and systematically longer than that of main sequence galaxies at their corresponding redshifts. Our analysis also reveals that the average dust temperature (Td) of massive QGs remains roughly constant ( = 21.0 \pm 2.0K) at least out to z ~ 2.0 and is substantially colder (~ 10K) compared to that of z > 0 SFGs. This motivated us to construct and release a redshift-invariant template IR SED, that we use to make predictions for ALMA observations and to explore systematic effects in the Mgas estimates of massive, high-z QGs. Finally, we discuss how a simple model that considers progenitor-bias can effectively reproduce the observed evolution of Md/M* and fgas. Our results indicate universal initial interstellar medium conditions for quenched galaxies and a large degree of uniformity in their internal processes across cosmic time.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&

Early- and late-stage mergers among main sequence and starburst galaxies at 0.2 ≤ z ≤ 2

We investigate the fraction of close pairs and morphologically identified mergers on and above the star-forming main sequence (MS) at 0.2 ≤ z ≤2.0. The novelty of our work lies in the use of a non-parametric morphological classification performed on resolved stellar mass maps, reducing the contamination by non-interacting, high-redshift clumpy galaxies. We find that the merger fraction rapidly rises to ≥70 per cent above the MS, implying that - already at z ≳ 1 - starburst (SB) events (∆MS ≥ 0.6) are almost always associated with a major merger (1:1 to 1:6 mass ratio). The majority of interacting galaxies in the SB region are morphologically disturbed, late-stage mergers. Pair fractions show little dependence on MS offset and pairs are more prevalent than late-stage mergers only in the lower half of the MS. In our sample, major mergers on the MS occur with a roughly equal frequency of ̃5-10 per cent at all masses ≳ 1010 M☉. The MS major merger fraction roughly doubles between z = 0.2 and 2, with morphological mergers driving the overall increase at z ≳ 1. The differential redshift evolution of interacting pairs and morphologically classified mergers on the MS can be reconciled by evolving observability time-scales for both pairs and morphological disturbances. The observed variation of the late-stage merger fraction with ∆MS follows the perturbative 2-Star Formation Mode model, where any MS galaxy can experience a continuum of different star formation rate enhancements. This points to an SB-merger connection not only for extreme events, but also more moderate bursts which merely scatter galaxies upward within the MS, rather than fully elevating them above it

Hydrogen peroxide as a signal mediator at inducing heat resistance in wheat seedlings by putrescine

Polyamines are multifunctional stress metabolites of plants. However, information on the effect of exo­genous polyamines on plant resistance to high temperatures is contradictory, and it remains unclear which signal mediators are involved in the realization of their physiological effects. The possible involvement of hydrogen peroxide as a mediator under the action of exogenous diamine putrescine on the resistance of etiolated wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) to hyperthermia (10-minute heating at 46°C) and the functioning of antioxidant system was investigated. It was established that the treatment of seedlings with putrescine in 0.25–2.5 mM concentrations caused a significant increase in their heat resistance. In response to the putrescine effect, a transient increase in the H2O2 content occurred in the root cells. This effect was eliminated by treatment of seedlings with a diamine oxidase inhibitor aminoguanidine and an NADPH oxidase inhibitor imidazole. These inhibitors, as well as the scavenger of hydrogen peroxide dimethylthiourea (DMTU), mitigated the effects of increased heat resistance of seedlings and increased activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase caused by putrescine. Under the influence of DMTU and imidazole, but not aminoguanidine, the effect of increasing the activity of guaiacol peroxidase in the roots of seedlings treated with putrescine was eliminated. The conclusion was made about the role of hydrogen peroxide and the possible participation of diamine oxidase and NADPH oxidase in its formation during the implementation of the stress-protective effect of putrescine on wheat seedlings

Biocompatibility assessment of coatings obtained in argon and nitrogen atmospheres for TiNi materials

This work aims to study the cytocompatibility of protective coatings obtained in argon and nitrogen atmospheres on a TiNi surface. Particular attention is paid to comparing the interaction of cell culture with coatings and an uncoated TiNi sample, using for comparison the number of viable cells on the surface, the phase composition, structure, wettability, surface charge and topography. The Ti/Ni/Ti nanolaminate was deposited on a TiNi substrate by magnetron sputtering. Reaction annealing of Ti/Ni/Ti nanolaminate on a TiNi substrate, when heated to 900 ◦C in argon, leads to the formation of a dense two-layer coating 2.0–2.1 µm thick: layer I (TiO + Ti2N), layer II (Ti4Ni2 O(N)). Reaction annealing in nitrogen leads to the formation of a thin three-layer nanocoating 250 nm thick: I (TiO2 + TiN), II (Ti4Ni2N(O) + Ti3Ni4), III (TiN). The coating synthesized in nitrogen is more favorable for cell attachment and proliferation because of the moderately hydrophilic rough surface and mixed phase composition of titanium nitrides and oxides

Submillimetre compactness as a critical dimension to understand the main sequence of star-forming galaxies

We study the interstellar medium (ISM) properties as a function of the molecular gas size for 77 infrared-selected galaxies at z ∼ 1.3, having stellar masses 109.4 ≲ M⋆ ≲ 1012.0 M⊙ and star formation rates 12 ≲ SFRFIR ≲ 1000 M⊙ yr−1. Molecular gas sizes are measured on ALMA images that combine CO(2-1), CO(5-4), and underlying continuum observations, and include CO(4-3), CO(7-6) + [CI](3P2 − 3P1), [CI](3P1 − 3P0) observations for a subset of the sample. The ≳46 per cent of our galaxies have a compact molecular gas reservoir, and lie below the optical discs mass–size relation. Compact galaxies on and above the main sequence have higher CO excitation and star formation efficiency than galaxies with extended molecular gas reservoirs, as traced by CO(5-4)/CO(2-1) and CO(2-1)/LIR, SF ratios. Average CO + [CI] spectral line energy distributions indicate higher excitation in compacts relative to extended sources. Using CO(2-1) and dust masses as molecular gas mass tracers, and conversion factors tailored to their ISM conditions, we measure lower gas fractions in compact main-sequence galaxies compared to extended sources. We suggest that the submillimetre compactness, defined as the ratio between the molecular gas and the stellar size, is an unavoidable information to be used with the main sequence offset to describe the ISM properties of galaxies, at least above M⋆ ≥ 1010.6 M⊙, where our observations fully probe the main sequence scatter. Our results are consistent with mergers driving the gas in the nuclear regions, enhancing the CO excitation and star formation efficiency. Compact main-sequence galaxies are consistent with being an early post-starburst population following a merger-driven starburst episode, stressing the important role of mergers in the evolution of massive galaxies

Влияние противовирусной терапии на снижение риска развития метаболического синдрома у больных хроническим гепатитом С

Aim – to evaluate the effect of direct antiviral drugs (sofosbuvir and velpatasvir) on the formation of the metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic hepatitis C with a high risk of its development 2 years after treatment.Materials and methods. 112 patients with HCV (n=112) were examined, in whom the risk of developing the metabolic syndrome was determined using a specially developed method. In 58 patients, a high risk of developing metabolic syndrome was identified. This cohort of patients was divided into two groups: group 1 (n=26) who took sofosbuvir and velpatasvir and group 2 (n=32) who did not take AVT. Patients were periodically examined and observed for 2 years. At the final stage of observation, a comparative analysis of laboratory and instrumental data was carried out in patients in two comparison groups.Results. At the start of AVT, HCV patients with a high risk of developing metabolic syndrome were found to be over-weight, moderately pronounced stage of liver fibrosis (F2 according to METAVIR), high viral load, increased transaminases, total low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, atherogenic coefficient, insulin, glucose. Two years after the etiotropic therapy in HCV patients with a high risk of developing the metabolic syndrome, normalization of blood lipid metabolism, glucose, insulin levels and a decrease in the concentration of total thyroxine were registered.Conclusion. Etiotropic therapy with direct antiviral drugs in patients with chronic hepatitis C reduces the relative risk of developing the metabolic syndrome by 6,3 times.Цель: оценить влияние препаратов прямого противовирусного действия (софосбувир и велпатасвир) на формирование метаболического синдрома у больных хроническим гепатитом С с высоким риском его развития через 2 года после лечения.Материалы и методы: было обследовано 112 пациентов с хроническим гепатитом С (n=112), у которых определяли риск развития метаболического синдрома по специально разработанной методике. У 58 пациентов был выявлен высокий риск развития метаболического синдрома. Данная когорта больных была разделена на 2 группы: 1-я (n=26) – принимавших софосбувир и велпатасвир и 2-я группа (n=32) – не принимавших противовирусную терапию. Пациенты периодически обследовались и наблюдались на протяжении 2 лет. На завершающем этапе наблюдения был проведен сравнительный анализ лабораторно-инструментальных данных у больных в 2 группах сравнения.Результаты. У больных хроническим гепатитом С с высоким риском развития метаболического синдрома на старте противовирусной терапии установлены избыточная масса тела, умеренно выраженная стадия фиброза печени (F2 по METAVIR), высокая вирусная нагрузка, повышение трансаминаз, общего холестерина липопротеидов низкой плотности, коэффициента атерогенности, инсулина, глюкозы. Через 2 года после проведения этиотропной терапии у больных ХГС с высоким риском развития метаболического синдрома зарегистрирована нормализация в крови показателей липидного обмена, уровней глюкозы, инсулина и снижение концентрации уровня общего тироксина.Заключение. Этиотропная терапия препаратами прямого противовирусного действия у больных хроничес ким гепатитом С снижает относительный риск развития метаболического синдрома в 6,3 раза

Deceptively cold dust in the massive starburst galaxy GN20 at z ∼4

We present new observations, carried out with IRAM NOEMA, of the atomic neutral carbon transitions [C» I](3P1-3P0) at 492 GHz and [C» I](3P2-3P1) at 809 GHz of GN20, a well-studied star-bursting galaxy at z = 4.05. The high luminosity line ratio [C» I](3P2-3P1) /[C» I](3P1-3P0) implies an excitation temperature of 48+14-9 K, which is significantly higher than the apparent dust temperature of Td = 33 ± 2 K (β = 1.9) derived under the common assumption of an optically thin far-infrared dust emission, but fully consistent with Td = 52 ± 5 K of a general opacity model where the optical depth (τ) reaches unity at a wavelength of λ0 = 170 ± 23 μm. Moreover, the general opacity solution returns a factor of ∼2× lower dust mass and, hence, a lower molecular gas mass for a fixed gas-to-dust ratio, than with the optically thin dust model. The derived properties of GN20 thus provide an appealing solution to the puzzling discovery of starbursts appearing colder than main-sequence galaxies above z > 2.5, in addition to a lower dust-to-stellar mass ratio that approaches the physical value predicted for starburst galaxies