Shower development of particles with momenta from 15 GeV to 150 GeV in the CALICE scintillator-tungsten hadronic calorimeter

We present a study of showers initiated by electrons, pions, kaons, and protons with momenta from 15 GeV to 150 GeV in the highly granular CALICE scintillator-tungsten analogue hadronic calorimeter. The data were recorded at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron in 2011. The analysis includes measurements of the calorimeter response to each particle type as well as measurements of the energy resolution and studies of the longitudinal and radial shower development for selected particles. The results are compared to Geant4 simulations (version 9.6.p02). In the study of the energy resolution we include previously published data with beam momenta from 1 GeV to 10 GeV recorded at the CERN Proton Synchrotron in 2010.Comment: 35 pages, 21 figures, 8 table

Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma is the most common T-cell lymphoma in two distinct French information data sets.

International audienceno abstrac

The health and social care costs of a selection of health conditions and multi-morbidities

Background Multimorbidity (MM) is the presence of 2 or more long-term health conditions in a single individual. It impacts an individual’s quality of life, mental health and wellbeing, daily function, and often results in greater healthcare utilisation the more co-existing conditions they have (1-4). MM is a big challenge facing the NHS, especially given England’s ageing population, with an estimated two-thirds of individuals aged 65 and over having 2 or more long-term conditions (5-6). Yet, little is known about the resource use of these patients despite being the group with the largest impact on the NHS and with the worst health outcomes (7). Existing evidence focuses on specific health conditions and their interactions with other conditions using different methodologies, making comparisons across different conditions difficult. This work has empirically assessed the impact of multi-morbidity on NHS and social care costs. With the aim of answering the question: is the impact of developing a condition on health and social care costs greater for someone with no prior conditions, or for someone with an existing condition. If patients have multiple conditions, there may be some economies of scale involved with treatment, for example they may be able to discuss multiple queries during a single GP appointment, or in some cases the treatment provided will address multiple conditions. However, treating patients with multi-morbidities could theoretically also be more expensive than treating 2 conditions separately, as patients may be more likely to experience complications. Methodology This work considered the individual cost of 11 health conditions with high prevalence in the English population and their most common interactions. These were: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes (types 1 and 2), lung cancer, breast cancer, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, hypertension, dementia, liver disease, depression and colorectal cancer. This project had 2 components: a literature review and an empirical estimation of the costs associated with MM. The literature review was used to inform and establish the methodology used in the empirical estimation. The empirical estimation used data on primary healthcare, secondary healthcare, and prescriptions usage from 2015 to estimate annual aggregated healthcare costs per patient. We assessed the cost impact of MM in a systematic way by applying advanced econometric methods to account for the specificities of the data distribution. Our methodology allowed us to attribute healthcare costs to specific conditions. For social care costs, we calculated the estimated costs using 2 different methodologies. For the first (preferred) methodology, we used Somerset Symphony data to calculate the 2014/15 social care costs of patients in South Somerset. This is a dataset that combines primary healthcare, secondary healthcare, and social care data. We thus applied the same methodology that was used to calculate primary and secondary healthcare costs. For the second methodology, we used the estimated health-related quality of life for patients with different conditions and combinations of conditions. We then used a regression (‘line of best fit’) to estimate their probability of requiring social care. Finally, we used unit cost estimates to arrive at estimated values for the costs of social care for individuals with different diseases. What this publication adds Average ‘cost per case’ estimates for individuals with single conditions or multimorbidities, each calculated based on the average age of patients with the condition or multi-morbidity of interest. These average ‘costs per case’ figures are always higher for individuals with multimorbidities than individuals with a single condition, as individuals with multi-morbidities tend to be older and additional conditions incur additional costs. We found that the cost of treating an individual with a multimorbidity is not statistically different than the additive cost of treating 2 individuals, each with one of the conditions, controlling for age and costs unrelated to the condition. As an illustrative example, if it costs £200 to treat a patient with depression and £200 to treat a patient with CHD, we did not find any evidence that it would cost more than £400 to treat a single patient with both depression and CHD (controlling for age and unrelated disease costs). In numerous cases, when considering healthcare costs, we have found that multimorbidity is associated with a reduction of the total individual cost compared to the sum of individual costs of patients. For example, a male patient with diabetes and CHD will cost between 77% and 78% (depending on the definition of sample prevalence) of the cost of treating 2 patients, one with diabetes and one with CHD, controlling for age and unrelated costs. Applying the same methodology for social care costs as for healthcare costs, we did not find any evidence that multi-morbidity is associated with either an increase or a reduction in total individual cost compared to the sum of individual costs of patient, for social care costs. This may be due to the relatively small sample size of the South Somerset data we used to estimate social care costs. Applying the alternative methodology for social care costs, which estimated social care need based on age and quality of life, we estimated higher social care costs than we found by analysing the South Somerset data. This implies that social care need may be greater than local authority social costs in South Somerset. This may be due to the relative affluence of South Somerset, which would limit the proportion of patients eligible for local authority-funded social care

Cancer - Cell survival guide

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/62618/1/431035a.pd

Down-Regulation of Neogenin Accelerated Glioma Progression through Promoter Methylation and Its Overexpression in SHG-44 Induced Apoptosis

Dependence receptors have been proved to act as tumor suppressors in tumorigenesis. Neogenin, a DCC homologue, well known for its fundamental role in axon guidance and cellular differentiation, is also a dependence receptor functioning to control apoptosis. However, loss of neogenin has been reported in several kinds of cancers, but its role in glioma remains to be further investigated.Western blot analysis showed that neogenin level was lower in glioma tissues than in their matching surrounding non-neoplastic tissues (n = 13, p<0.01). By immunohistochemical analysis of 69 primary and 16 paired initial and recurrent glioma sections, we found that the loss of neogenin did not only correlate negatively with glioma malignancy (n = 69, p<0.01), but also glioma recurrence (n = 16, p<0.05). Kaplan-Meier plot and Cox proportional hazards modelling showed that over-expressive neogenin could prolong the tumor latency (n = 69, p<0.001, 1187.6 ± 162.6 days versus 687.4 ± 254.2 days) and restrain high-grade glioma development (n = 69, p<0.01, HR: 0.264, 95% CI: 0.102 to 0.687). By Methylation specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP), we reported that neogenin promoter was methylated in 31.0% (9/29) gliomas, but absent in 3 kinds of glioma cell lines. Interestingly, the prevalence of methylation in high-grade gliomas was higher than low-grade gliomas and non-neoplastic brain tissues (n = 33, p<0.05) and overall methylation rate increased as glioma malignancy advanced. Furthermore, when cells were over-expressed by neogenin, the apoptotic rate in SHG-44 was increased to 39.7% compared with 8.1% in the blank control (p<0.01) and 9.3% in the negative control (p<0.01).These observations recapitulated the proposed role of neogenin as a tumor suppressor in gliomas and we suggest its down-regulation owing to promoter methylation is a selective advantage for glioma genesis, progression and recurrence. Furthermore, the induction of apoptosis in SHG-44 cells after overexpression of neogenin, indicated that neogenin could be a novel target for glioma therapy

Technical Design Report for the LUXE experiment

This Technical Design Report presents a detailed description of all aspects of the LUXE (Laser Und XFEL Experiment), an experiment that will combine the high-quality and high-energy electron beam of the European XFEL with a high-intensity laser, to explore the uncharted terrain of strong-field quantum electrodynamics characterised by both high energy and high intensity, reaching the Schwinger field and beyond. The further implications for the search of physics beyond the Standard Model are also discussed

Design, construction and commissioning of a technological prototype of a highly granular SiPM-on-tile scintillator-steel hadronic calorimeter

The CALICE collaboration is developing highly granular electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters for detectors at future energy frontier electron-positron colliders. After successful tests of a physics prototype, a technological prototype of the Analog Hadron Calorimeter has been built, based on a design and construction techniques scalable to a collider detector. The prototype consists of a steel absorber structure and active layers of small scintillator tiles that are individually read out by directly coupled SiPMs. Each layer has an active area of 72 × 72 cm^2 and a tile size of 3 × 3 cm^2. With 38 active layers, the prototype has nearly 22,000 readout channels, and its total thickness amounts to 4.4 nuclear interaction lengths. The dedicated readout electronics provide time stamping of each hit with an expected resolution of about 1 ns. The prototype was constructed in 2017 and commissioned in beam tests at DESY. It recorded muons, hadron showers and electron showers at different energies in test beams at CERN in 2018. In this paper, the design of the prototype, its construction and commissioning are described. The methods used to calibrate the detector are detailed, and the performance achieved in terms of uniformity and stability is presented

Design, construction and commissioning of a technological prototype of a highly granular SiPM-on-tile scintillator-steel hadronic calorimeter

The CALICE collaboration is developing highly granular electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters for detectors at future energy frontier electron-positron colliders. After successful tests of a physics prototype, a technological prototype of the Analog Hadron Calorimeter has been built, based on a design and construction techniques scalable to a collider detector. The prototype consists of a steel absorber structure and active layers of small scintillator tiles that are individually read out by directly coupled SiPMs. Each layer has an active area of 72 × 72 cm^2 and a tile size of 3 × 3 cm^2. With 38 active layers, the prototype has nearly 22,000 readout channels, and its total thickness amounts to 4.4 nuclear interaction lengths. The dedicated readout electronics provide time stamping of each hit with an expected resolution of about 1 ns. The prototype was constructed in 2017 and commissioned in beam tests at DESY. It recorded muons, hadron showers and electron showers at different energies in test beams at CERN in 2018. In this paper, the design of the prototype, its construction and commissioning are described. The methods used to calibrate the detector are detailed, and the performance achieved in terms of uniformity and stability is presented

Supernova Pointing Capabilities of DUNE

The determination of the direction of a stellar core collapse via its neutrino emission is crucial for the identification of the progenitor for a multimessenger follow-up. A highly effective method of reconstructing supernova directions within the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is introduced. The supernova neutrino pointing resolution is studied by simulating and reconstructing electron-neutrino charged-current absorption on $^{40}$Ar and elastic scattering of neutrinos on electrons. Procedures to reconstruct individual interactions, including a newly developed technique called ``brems flipping'', as well as the burst direction from an ensemble of interactions are described. Performance of the burst direction reconstruction is evaluated for supernovae happening at a distance of 10 kpc for a specific supernova burst flux model. The pointing resolution is found to be 3.4 degrees at 68% coverage for a perfect interaction-channel classification and a fiducial mass of 40 kton, and 6.6 degrees for a 10 kton fiducial mass respectively. Assuming a 4% rate of charged-current interactions being misidentified as elastic scattering, DUNE's burst pointing resolution is found to be 4.3 degrees (8.7 degrees) at 68% coverage.Comment: 25 pages, 16 figure