Revisiting global fossil fuel and biofuel emissions of ethane

Recent measurements over the Northern Hemisphere indicate that the long-term decline in the atmospheric burden of ethane (C2H6) has ended and the abundance increased dramatically between 2010 and 2014. The rise in C2H6 atmospheric abundances has been attributed to oil and natural gas extraction in North America. Existing global C2H6 emission inventories are based on outdated activity maps that do not account for current oil and natural gas exploitation regions. We present an updated global C2H6 emission inventory based on 2010 satellite-derived CH4 fluxes with adjusted C2H6 emissions over the U.S. from the National Emission Inventory (NEI 2011). We contrast our global 2010 C2H6 emission inventory with one developed for 2001. The C2H6 difference between global anthropogenic emissions is subtle (7.9 versus 7.2 Tg yr−1), but the spatial distribution of the emissions is distinct. In the 2010 C2H6 inventory, fossil fuel sources in the Northern Hemisphere represent half of global C2H6 emissions and 95% of global fossil fuel emissions. Over the U.S., unadjusted NEI 2011 C2H6 emissions produce mixing ratios that are 14–50% of those observed by aircraft observations (2008–2014). When the NEI 2011 C2H6 emission totals are scaled by a factor of 1.4, the Goddard Earth Observing System Chem model largely reproduces a regional suite of observations, with the exception of the central U.S., where it continues to underpredict observed mixing ratios in the lower troposphere. We estimate monthly mean contributions of fossil fuel C2H6 emissions to ozone and peroxyacetyl nitrate surface mixing ratios over North America of ~1% and ~8%, respectively

Crystallization of jarosite in the presence of amino acids

Jarosite was formed in the presence of five amino acids at two pHs, namely 1.75 and 2.9, to determine what impact amino acids have on its formation. It was found that at the lower pH glycine was the most potent in terms of morphological and yield impacts. XRD analysis showed that incorporation of the amino acid occurs at this low pH for glycine and proline. Dynamic light scattering studies showed that glycine impacts significantly on the jarosite nucleation rate while proline and alanine do not. At the higher pH all of the amino acids had much less impact on morphology or yield. At pH 3 the solids were found to be a 3-phase system consisting of goethite, schwertmannite and jarosite. In this case, alanine appeared to stabilise the presence of schwertmannite more than the other amino acids

Advances and Gaps in the Knowledge of Thermodynamics and Crystallography of Acid Mine Drainage Sulfate Minerals

Acidic and metal-rich waters produced by sulfide decomposition at mining sites are termed acid mine drainage (AMD). They precipitate a number of minerals, very often sulfates. The recent advances in thermodynamic properties and crystallography of these sulfates are reviewed here. There is a reasonable amount of data for the divalent (Mg, Ni, Co, Fe2+, Cu, Zn) sulfates and these data may be combined with and optimized by temperature-relative humidity brackets available in the literature. For the sulfates with Fe3+, most data exist for jarosite; for other minerals and phases in this system, a few calorimetric studies were reported. No data whatsoever are available for the Fe2+-Fe3+ sulfates. A significant advance is the development of the Pitzer model for Fe3+-sulfate solutions and its confrontation with the available thermodynamic and solubility data. In summary, our knowledge about the thermodynamic properties of the AMD sulfates is unsatisfactory and fragmented

DO BULIMIC BEHAVIORS INCREASE SHAME? TOWARD AN UNDERSTANDING OF TRANSDIAGNOSTIC RISK

Binge eating is a harmful, maladaptive behavior associated with comorbid psychopathology. Theory posits that increases in maladaptive, transdiagnostic emotions following binge eating in individuals with BN may predict the experience of comorbid symptoms. The current study served as a laboratory test of the first part of this theory: whether state increases in maladaptive emotions occur following engagement in binge eating behavior in women with BN compared with healthy controls. Women (n = 51) were recruited from the community if they met DSM-5 criteria for BN or OSFED BN (of low frequency) (n = 21) or were free of lifetime disordered eating and current psychopathology (n = 30). Participants completed questionnaires assessing eating disorder symptoms (preoccupation with weight and shape, urge to vomit), state shame, and state negative affect before and after consuming a test meal in which they were instructed to binge. Women with BN endorsed significantly greater preoccupation with weight and shape and urge to vomit following test meal consumption compared with controls. Women with BN reported significant increases in state shame, but not state negative affect, following test meal consumption, compared with controls. Results are consistent with a model indicating binge eating precipitates increases in state shame among women with BN. Given shame’s status as a transdiagnostic risk factor, future work should clarify whether state shame following binge eating predicts increases in comorbid symptoms

TRANSACTIONS BETWEEN THINNESS EXPECTANCIES AND DEPRESSION IN THE PREDICTION OF ADOLESCENT WEIGHT RESTRICTING BEHAVIORS

Both the transdiagnostic risk associated with depression and the eating disorder-specific risk associated with expectancies for reinforcement from thinness have been identified as risk factors for the development of weight restricting behaviors. The purpose of this study was to examine if these risk factors transact to further predict risk in youth. Depression, thinness expectancies, and weight restriction were assessed in 1,907 adolescents three times during the transitional period between middle school and high school. We compared three different possible transactional processes. Mediation tests demonstrated that depression in 8th grade predicted an increase in the number of weight restricting behaviors endorsed in 10th grade through its predictive influence on thinness expectancies in 9th grade. However, our results were not consistent with a mediational process in which thinness expectancies predicted depression to further predict weight restriction. The two risk factors interacted to predict subsequent weight restriction, such that at higher levels of depression, the association between thinness expectancies and weight restriction was stronger. It appears that transdiagnostic and disorder-specific risk factors transact to increase risk. These findings contribute to the understanding of the developmental risk process for weight restricting behavior in youth

Independent respiratory support system Final report, 2 Sep. 1969 - 31 Mar. 1970

Personal portable oxygen respiratory support equipmen

The Trail, 1993-02-18

https://soundideas.pugetsound.edu/thetrail_all/2607/thumbnail.jp

Lithic Technology and Risk: Winter Houses at Bridge River Villages

The 2012 excavation of a single housepit (Housepit 54) at the Bridge River Village site (EeR14) offers the unique opportunity to look at lithic organization and techinological strategies during the Fur Trade era in the Middle Fraser Canyon. The main goal of this research is to understand how the winter occupation of Housepit 54 may have affected the lithic technological strategies carried out at Bride River Village. As a winter pithouse, lithic raw material sources would be inaccessible during the three months of occupation. The hypothesis of this thesis is structured with a theory of risk framework in order to understand what strategies may have been implemented in order to minimize the risk of exhausting raw material over the winter. This thesis will also seek to explore the ethnographic record in relation to the archaeological record in order to extrapolate a model of lithic organization. The hypothesis proposes that certain strategies such as bipolar reduction and high production intensity would be applied in order to conserve raw material over the winter. Tools size, expedient reuse and longer use-lives are also factors anticipated from the hypothesis. These factors are highly testable variables that will provide a deeper understanding of lithic technological strategies, but also, will provide insight into the activities being carried out over the winter occupation at Bridge River Village during the Fur Trade era

The CRYO-EM structure of RNA polymerase I stalled at UV light-induced damage unravels a new molecular mechanism to identify lesions on ribosomal DNA

Tesis Doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Molecular. Fecha de lectura: 25-10-2019In eukaryotic cells, three RNA polymerases transcribe the genome, each specialized in transcribing a specific set of genes. Pol II synthesizes mRNA, Pol III produces short untranslated RNAs and Pol I transcribes ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The latter produces the rRNA precursor, which after maturation constitutes the backbone of the ribosome. Pol I accounts for approximately 60% of the total transcriptional activity in growing cells and also carries out the supervision of rDNA integrity. Therefore, it is a key determinant for the control of the normal function of the cell. Environmental threats can generate DNA lesions that are cytotoxic for the cell and one of the most known is UV-light. The principal DNA damage produced by this external agent is cis-syn cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), a bulky DNA lesion that can introduce distortions in the DNA helix, thus obstructing fundamental processes such as transcription. The main goal of this Ph.D. Thesis is understanding the structural basis of Pol I stalled at UV light-induced DNA damage. The principal contribution is the cryo-EM structure at 3.6 Å resolution and the derived atomic model of Pol I in elongation complex containing a CPD lesion at the DNA TS. This structure shows that the CPD lesion induces an early translocation intermediate, along with several conformational rearrangements in Pol I structural elements inside the DNA binding cleft, which contribute to enzyme stalling. The structure revealed that the BH residue R1015 plays a relevant role for enzyme arresting, which was confirmed by mutational analysis using E.coli RNA polymerase as a model system. In vitro transcription assays comparing the Pol I and Pol II behavior in the presence of CPD reveal that, while Pol II can slowly bypass the lesion, Pol I stalls right before the lesion due to the balance between a slow nucleotide incorporation and a fast-intrinsic RNA cleavage activity. Altogether, our results reveal the molecular mechanism of Pol I stalling at CPD lesions, which is distinct from Pol II arrest. This PhD Thesis opens the avenue to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying cell endurance to lesions on rDNATesis realizada gracias a la ayuda BES-2014-070708 del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidade