Behavioral repertory of the neotropical harvestman Ilhaia cuspidata (Opiliones, Gonyleptidae)

In this study, we provide an ethograrn for the harvestman Ilhaia cuspidata and describe the daily activity pattern of captive individuals. We also provide a comparison between the behavioral repertory of this species with that of the syntopic Discocyrtus oliverioi. Five females and four males of l. cuspidata were maintained in the same terrarium from November 1999-November 2000 for qualitative and quantitative observations. Twenty behavioral acts were recorded, classified in seven categories and the relative frequency of each was determined: exploration (69.8%), resting (16.7%), feeding (6.3%), grooming (4.4%), social interactions (2.6%), reproduction (0.1%) and others (0.3%). There was a marked difference in the frequency of the behavioral categories between sexes: females fed more frequently than males and males were involved in social interactions more frequently than females. During most of the daylight hours, individuals remained inside shelters and became active from 19:00-09:00 h. Although l. cuspidata and D. oliverioi showed almost the same behavioral acts, there were quantitative differences in their repertories: the relative frequency of behavioral categories "resting" and "social interactions" were higher for L cuspidata whereas "reproduction" and "grooming" were higher for D. oliverioi. The main qualitative difference between these two species was related to the forms of parental care: females of D. oliverioi guard their eggs and first instar juveniles, whereas females of I. cuspidata scatter their eggs in time and space and do not actively protect their offspring. Since both species share the same habitats (sometimes in multi-species aggregations), the behavioral differences between them may be explained by particular morphological and physiological characteristics of the species, as well as by phylogenetic constraints.o TEXTO COMPLETO DESTE ARTIGO, ESTARÁ DISPONÍVEL À PARTIR DE AGOSTO DE 2015.321223

Vespas sociais (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae) de floresta pluvial Amazônica de terra firme em Caxiuanã, Melgaço, Pará Social wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae) of an Amazonian "terra firme" rain forest in Caxiuanã, Melgaço, PA, Brazil

As vespas sociais são notáveis por sua organização social complexa, arquitetura elaborada dos ninhos, e por seu papel em ecossistemas terrestres como predadores de outros insetos e artrópodes. O número de inventários de vespas sociais no Brasil ainda é pequeno, assim como os esforços para padronização dos protocolos de coleta, dificultando a comparação entre os resultados obtidos. A composição e a riqueza das vespas sociais na Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, Melgaço, PA, foram avaliadas através de um inventário estruturado numa parcela quadrada de 25 km² de floresta de terra firme. Os métodos de coleta empregados foram a "busca ativa por indivíduos e colônias em trilhas de 1.000m" e "armadilhas de Malaise". Foram registradas 65 espécies de vespas sociais pertencentes a 12 gêneros. Agelaia fulvofasciata (Deeger, 1773) e Angiopolybia pallens (Lepeletier, 1836) foram as espécies mais frequentes na área em ambos os métodos. Busca ativa apresentou um melhor desempenho quanto à descoberta de espécies de vespas sociais (63) do que armadilha de Malaise (26). O levantamento representou um incremento de 21 espécies à lista obtida anteriormente para Caxiuanã e de um novo registro para o estado do Pará (Polybia brunnea (Curtis, 1844)).<br>Social wasps are remarkable for their complex social organization, elaborated architecture of the nests, and predatory activity over other insects and arthropods. The number of inventories made in Brazil has been small as well the efforts for standardization of collecting protocols, so that adequate comparison of results remains difficult. The composition and richness of social wasps in Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, Melgaço, PA, Brazil were assessed by performing a structured inventory in a 25 km² square parcel of "terra firme" forest. Collecting methods were "active search for individual and colonies along 1,000 m transects" and "Malaise trapping". Sixty-five species of 12 genera were collected with both methods. Agelaia fulvofasciata (Degeer, 1773) and Angiopolybia pallens (Lepeletier, 1836) were the most frequent species. The active search method performed better (63 spp.) than Malaise traps (26 spp). The survey added 21 species to the list of Caxiuanã, and resulted in a new record for Pará state (Polybia brunnea (Curtis, 1844))