PHASE SOLUBILITY STUDIES OF IBUPROFEN WITH β-CYCLODEXTRIN AND HYDROXY PROPYL- β CYCLODEXTRIN IN DIFFERENT BUFFER MEDIA

An oral route of drug administration is the most common and preferred method of delivery due to its convenience and ease of ingestion, but for many of drugs it can be hard way due to poor solubility. As the therapeutic activity of drugs is related to their solubility in water, in case of poorly water-soluble drugs, dissolution is the rate-limiting step in the process of drug absorption hence will lead to low bioavailability. To overcome the problems related with oral absorption and bioavailability issue, several strategies have been utilized including hydrotrpes, complexation, microcapsulation, use of surfactants, permeation enhancers, micronization, salt formation, Cyclodextrins, nanoparticles, solid dispersions, self emulsifying drug delivery system. By the early 1950s the basic physicochemical characteristics of cyclodextrins had been discovered and are widely used for the solubilization of poorly soluble drugs in the formulations. The versatile pharmaceutical material cyclodextrins (CDs) are classified into hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and ionic derivatives. Ibuprofen is a non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and it is used as an analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory in the treatment of pain. It is very slightly soluble in water (<1 mg/ml, BCS class II) and its absorption could be a prerequisite for the quick onset of its action. In the present study solubility of ibuprofen was studied in presence of β- cyclodextrin and Hydroxypropyl- β- cyclodextrin at different pH . The stability constant (Kc) for ibuprofen in presence of β- cyclodextrin at 7.4, 7.2 and 6.8 were 1368.03, 56.7525 and 74.2418 respectively. Similarly, stability constant (Kc) in presence of hydroxy propyl-β-cyclodextrin at 7.4, 7.2 and 6.8 were 790.095, 143.684 and 372.055 respectively. The solubility of ibuprofen in presence of Hydroxypropyl- β-cyclodextrin was found more than and β- cyclodextrin at pH 7.2. Keywords: Ibuprofen, Inclusion Complex, Phase Solubility, β- Cyclodextrin, Hdroxyl Propyl β- Cyclodextrin

Development of Internet of Things (IoT) Based Monitoring of Hazardous Exhaust Compounds in Air - A Review

Presence of pollutants in Air is the most prominent problem globally confronted now a day. The extreme use of fueled vehicles and rapid urbanization has deteriorated the air quality. This deteriorated air contains hazardous compounds like Mono-oxides & Di-oxides of carbon, Sulphur, Nitrogen, Atmospheric Particulate Matter. Exposure to such hazardous compounds in the air for a long time can cause damage to the human health. Traditional air monitoring systems consists of monitoring stations. As far as traditional air quality monitoring methods are concerned, they are highly expensive and requires a regular maintenance. Due to these limitations, these stations are deployed in small numbers and also it provides indicative values of the sensed data. This monitored data has low resolution and precision. This paper proposes framework for the development of smart and portable system using Internet of Things (IoT) for monitoring of hazardous exhaust compounds in the air using real time. This framework consists of different types of sensors and a controller that are used for monitoring and assessment of the air quality. Also it is used to check the presence of hazardous compounds emitted by different industries and share this data through IOT. The outcome of the proposed research work can be utilized by industries as well as by other agencies to carry out an audit of hazardous exhaust components present in air, so as to take necessary precautions and to save human

Wall-thickness-dependent strength of nanotubular ZnO

We fabricate nanotubular ZnO with wall thickness of 45, 92, 123 nm using nanoporous gold (np-Au) with ligament diameter at necks of 1.43 mu m as sacrificial template. Through micro-tensile and micro-compressive testing of nanotubular ZnO structures, we find that the exponent m in (sigma) over bar proportional to (rho) over bar (m), where (sigma) over bar is the relative strength and (rho) over bar is the relative density, for tension is 1.09 and for compression is 0.63. Both exponents are lower than the value of 1.5 in the Gibson-Ashby model that describes the relation between relative strength and relative density where the strength of constituent material is independent of external size, which indicates that strength of constituent ZnO increases as wall thickness decreases. We find, based on hole-nanoindentation and glazing incidence X-ray diffraction, that this wall-thickness-dependent strength of nanotubular ZnO is not caused by strengthening of constituent ZnO by size reduction at the nanoscale. Finite element analysis suggests that the wall-thickness-dependent strength of nanotubular ZnO originates from nanotubular structures formed on ligaments of np-Au

ArteFill® Permanent Injectable for Soft Tissue Augmentation: II. Indications and Applications

Patients ask for procedures with long-lasting effects. ArteFill is the first permanent injectable approved in 2006 by the FDA for nasolabial folds. It consists of cleaned microspheres of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) suspended in bovine collagen. Over the development period of 20 years most of its side effects have been eliminated to achieve the same safety standard as today’s hyaluronic acid products. A 5-year follow-up study in U.S. clinical trial patients has shown the same wrinkle improvement as seen at 6 months. Long-term follow-up in European Artecoll patients has shown successful wrinkle correction lasting up to 15 years. A wide variety of off-label indications and applications have been developed that help the physician meet the individual needs of his/her patients. Serious complications after ArteFill injections, such as granuloma formation, have not been reported due to the reduction of PMMA microspheres smaller than 20 μm to less than 1% “by the number.” Minor technique-related side effects, however, may occur during the initial learning curve. Patient and physician satisfaction with ArteFill has been shown to be greater than 90%

Colocalization of Protein Kinase A with Adenylyl Cyclase Enhances Protein Kinase A Activity during Induction of Long-Lasting Long-Term-Potentiation

The ability of neurons to differentially respond to specific temporal and spatial input patterns underlies information storage in neural circuits. One means of achieving spatial specificity is to restrict signaling molecules to particular subcellular compartments using anchoring molecules such as A-Kinase Anchoring Proteins (AKAPs). Disruption of protein kinase A (PKA) anchoring to AKAPs impairs a PKA-dependent form of long term potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus. To investigate the role of localized PKA signaling in LTP, we developed a stochastic reaction-diffusion model of the signaling pathways leading to PKA activation in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Simulations investigated whether the role of anchoring is to locate kinases near molecules that activate them, or near their target molecules. The results show that anchoring PKA with adenylyl cyclase (which produces cAMP that activates PKA) produces significantly greater PKA activity, and phosphorylation of both inhibitor-1 and AMPA receptor GluR1 subunit on S845, than when PKA is anchored apart from adenylyl cyclase. The spatial microdomain of cAMP was smaller than that of PKA suggesting that anchoring PKA near its source of cAMP is critical because inactivation by phosphodiesterase limits diffusion of cAMP. The prediction that the role of anchoring is to colocalize PKA near adenylyl cyclase was confirmed by experimentally rescuing the deficit in LTP produced by disruption of PKA anchoring using phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Additional experiments confirm the model prediction that disruption of anchoring impairs S845 phosphorylation produced by forskolin-induced synaptic potentiation. Collectively, these results show that locating PKA near adenylyl cyclase is a critical function of anchoring

The Actin Binding Domain of βI-Spectrin Regulates the Morphological and Functional Dynamics of Dendritic Spines

Actin microfilaments regulate the size, shape and mobility of dendritic spines and are in turn regulated by actin binding proteins and small GTPases. The βI isoform of spectrin, a protein that links the actin cytoskeleton to membrane proteins, is present in spines. To understand its function, we expressed its actin-binding domain (ABD) in CA1 pyramidal neurons in hippocampal slice cultures. The ABD of βI-spectrin bundled actin in principal dendrites and was concentrated in dendritic spines, where it significantly increased the size of the spine head. These effects were not observed after expression of homologous ABDs of utrophin, dystrophin, and α-actinin. Treatment of slice cultures with latrunculin-B significantly decreased spine head size and decreased actin-GFP fluorescence in cells expressing the ABD of α-actinin, but not the ABD of βI-spectrin, suggesting that its presence inhibits actin depolymerization. We also observed an increase in the area of GFP-tagged PSD-95 in the spine head and an increase in the amplitude of mEPSCs at spines expressing the ABD of βI-spectrin. The effects of the βI-spectrin ABD on spine size and mEPSC amplitude were mimicked by expressing wild-type Rac3, a small GTPase that co-immunoprecipitates specifically with βI-spectrin in extracts of cultured cortical neurons. Spine size was normal in cells co-expressing a dominant negative Rac3 construct with the βI-spectrin ABD. We suggest that βI-spectrin is a synaptic protein that can modulate both the morphological and functional dynamics of dendritic spines, perhaps via interaction with actin and Rac3

Intracellular machinery for the transport of AMPA receptors

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73173/1/sj.bjp.0707525.pd