Persepsi Mahasiswa Kristen Pada Organisasi Mahasiswa Biro Kerohanian Kristen Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Dan Politik

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk Untuk mengetahui persepsi mahasiswa Kristen Pada Organisasi Mahasiswa Biro Kerohanian Kristen Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Dan Politik. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif. Adapun yang menjadi fokus penelitian peneliti yaitu untuk mengetahui berbagai persepsi mahasiswa Kristen terhadap organisasi BKK, yang lebih khusus oleh mahasiswa Kristen yang membentuk persepsinya untuk tidak mau masuk kedalam organisasi BKK, dan peneliti membagi focus penelitian ke dalam tiga kelompok, yaitu: Internal : melihat dan menjabarkan berbagai persepsi mahasiswa Kristen terhadap organisasi BKK, baik melalui fungsi, tugas, dan kegiatannya. (mahasiswa Kristen yang aktif dan masuk ke dalam ke anggotaan BKK). Eksternal : melihat dan menjabarkan pembentukan persepsi mahasiswa Kristen yang tidak mau masuk ke dalam organisasi BKK, baik yang dilihat dari fungsi, tugas dan kegiatanya. (mahasiswa Kristen yang tidak masuk ke dalam ke anggotaan BKK). Melihat persepsi pendekatan subjektif dan objektif dalam memahami organisasi.Persepsi merupakan salah – satu bagian yang ada dalam Komunikasi, sehingga Komunikasi dapat dikatakan sebagai suatu proses dimana dua orang atau lebih membentuk atau melakukan pertukaran informasi dengan satu sama lainnya, Bagian yang ada dalam suatu Komunikasi sangatlah banyak dan besar sehingga Persepsi di Condongkan Kedalam Bagian yang lebih Kecil Yakni Komunikasi Oranisasi dimana dalam Komunikasi Oragnisasi terdapat dua pendekatan dalam memahami organisasi, pendekatan objektif dan pendekatan subjektif. Makna “objektif” dalam konteks ini mengacu kepada pandangan bahwa objek-objek, perilaku-perilaku, dan peristiwa-peristiwa eksis di dunia nyata dan terlepas dari pengamatnya, sedangkan “subjektif” menunjukkan bahwa reallitas itu sehingga Persepsi diekembangkan ke dalam Teori Persepsi Konstruktif yang menyatakan bahwa manusia mengkonstruksi persepsi dengan cara memilih stimuli dan menghubungkan sensasi dan memori. Manusia membentuk persepsinya berdasarkan penginderaan terhadap kesan-kesan sensorik yang dipahami oleh otak. Persepsi adalalah sebuah efek kombinasi dari informasi yang diterima sistem sensorik dan pengetahuan yang kita pelajari tentang dunia yang kita dapatkan dari penginderaan.Dalam Penilitan ini kita bisa melihat berbgai bentuk Persepsi yang ada dalam organisasi Badan Kerohanian Kristen ( BKK ) Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Politik Universitas Sam Ratulangi, namun Persepsi dari kalangan Eksternal Organisasi BKK juga memiliki pentafsiran yang berbeda-beda sehingga memiliki pengaruh yang cukup besar terhadap perkembangan organisasi BKK kedepan

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Overexpression of chemokines, fibrogenic cytokines, and myofibroblasts in human membranous nephropathy

Overexpression of chemokines, fibrogenic cytokines, and myofibroblasts in human membranous nephropathy.BackgroundProteinuria plays a central role in the progression of glomerular disease, and there is growing evidence suggesting that it may determine tubular cell activation with release of chemokines and fibrogenic factors, leading to interstitial inflammatory reaction. However, most studies on this subject have been performed in experimental models, and the experience in human kidney biopsies has been scarce. We analyzed the tissue sections of patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN), a noninflammatory glomerular disease that may follow a progressive disease with heavy persistent proteinuria, interstitial cell infiltration, and decline of renal function.MethodsParaffin-embedded biopsy specimens from 25 patients with IMN (13 progressive and 12 nonprogressive) were retrospectively studied by immunohistochemistry [monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted chemokine (RANTES), osteopontin (OPN), platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PD-GF-BB)] and in situ hybridization [MCP-1, RANTES, PDGF-BB, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)]. Moreover, we studied the presence of myofibroblasts, which were identified by the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), the monocytes/macrophages (CD68-positive cells), and T-cell infiltration (CD4+ and CD8+ cells). All of the patients were nephrotic and without treatment at time of the biopsy.ResultsA strong up-regulation of MCP-1, RANTES, and OPN expression was observed, mainly in tubular epithelial cells, with a significant major intensity in the progressive IMN patients. A strong correlation between the mRNA expression and the corresponding protein was noted. The presence of these chemokines and OPN was associated with interstitial cell infiltration. TGF-β and PDGF were also up-regulated, mainly in tubular epithelial cells, with a stronger expression in the progressive IMN, and an association with the presence of myofibroblasts was found.ConclusionsPatients with severe proteinuria and progressive IMN have an overexpression in tubular epithelial cells of the chemokines MCP-1, RANTES, and OPN and the profibrogenic cytokines PDGF-BB and TGF-β. Because this up-regulation was associated with an interstitial accumulation of mononuclear cells and an increase in myofibroblastic activity, it is suggested that those mediators are potential predictors of progression in IMN. Finally, based on experimental data and the findings of this article, we speculate that severe proteinuria is the main factor responsible for the up-regulation of these factors in tubular epithelial cells

HUBUNGAN ANTARA KEMAMPUAN PENYESUAIAN DIRI DAN PRESTASI BELAJAR SISWA KELAS VII DI MTS AL-HAMID

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran prestasi belajar siswa kelas VII dengan menyesuaikan diri pada lingkungan barunya di MTs Al-Hamid, dan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara penyesuaian diri dengan prestasi belajar siswa kelas VII di MTs Al-Hamid Jakarta Timur.Populasi berjumlah 104 siswa baru di MTs Al-Hamid yaitu kelas VII yang terdiri dari 4 kelas. Pengambilan sampel dengan menggunakan metode Simple Random Sampling dengan jumlah sampel yang digunakan 40 siswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian korelasi Product Moment Pearson. Instrumen yang digunakan berdasarkan kategori penyesuaian diri oleh Mohammad Asrori dan nilai rapor untuk variabel prestasi belajar. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, variabel penyesuaian diri yang mendapatkan skor tinggi berjumlah 55% dari sampel dengan nilai di atas nilai mean (78,92), sedangkan variabel prestasi belajar yang mendapatkan skor tinggi juga berjumlah 55% dilihat dari nilai KKM pada sekolah tersebut. Diperoleh hasil korelasi hubungan antara penyesuaian diri dan prestasi belajar sebesar 0,430 dengan nilai r tabel sebesar 0,312.Hal ini menunjukan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang positif dan signifikan antara penyesuaian diri dan prestasi belajar pada siswa kelas VII di MTs Al-Hamid Jakarta Timur karena r hitung lebih besar dari nilai r tabel

Aves asociadas al Aeropuerto Carriel Sur de Talcahuano, sur de Chile: evaluación de peligro aviario

Between the summer 2002 and 2005 was evaluated the richness and abundance of birds associated to the Carriel Sur Airport of Talcahuano and was estimated the collision risk representing each species for air navigation. Birds were counted in 10 count points distributed in different habitats around the landing runways. The collision risk was estimated by the Avian Hazard Index (AHI) which combines size, abundance and history of collisions of each species. During the study period 63 species were recorded, plus 10 aditional species were recorded after summer 2005. The most abundant species were the Grassland Yellow-Finch, Kelp Gull, Southern Lapwing Long-tailed Meadowlark (28%, 14%, 10%, 8% of all individual records). Excepting Kelp Gull, all remaining species exhibited seasonal cycles of abundance. The Kelp Gull showed multiyear outbreaks triggered. The species representing a higher collision risk for air navigation are the Kelp Gull (API = 36), Southern Lapwing (AHI = 24), South American Tern (AHI = 16), Black Vulture (AHI = 12), Neotropic Cormorant (AHI = 9) and Chimango Caracara (AHI = 8). However, the each species’ AHI varied temporally from very high to very low values according to changes in abundance. This study reflects the need for long-term assessments of changes in population size of bird species to better approximate the risk of bird-aircraft collisions.Entre el verano de 2002 y 2005 se evaluó la riqueza y abundancia de aves asociadas al Aeropuerto Carriel Sur de Talcahuano y se estimó el riesgo de colisión que representaría cada especie para la aeronavegación. Las aves fueron contabilizadas en 10 puntos de conteos distribuidos en distintos hábitats alrededor del las pistas de aterrizaje. El riesgo de colisión fue estimado mediante el índice de peligro aviario (IPA) el cual combina tamaño, abundancia e historial de colisiones de cada especie. Durante el periodo de estudio se registraron 63 especies, mas 10 especies que fueron registradas después del verano de 2005. Las especies más abundantes fueron el chirigüe, la gaviota dominicana, el queltehue y la loica (28%, 14%, 10%, 8% del total de registros individuales). Con excepción de la gaviota dominicana, todas las especies exhibieron ciclos estacionales de abundancia. La gaviota dominicana mostró irrupciones multianuales aparentemente por factores ambientales no bien determinados. Las especies que representarían un mayor riesgo de colisión para la aeronavegación son la gaviota dominicana (IPA = 36), el queltehue (IPA = 24), el gaviotín sudamericano (IPA = 16), el jote de cabeza negra (IPA = 12), el yeco (IPA = 9) y el tiuque (IPA = 8). Sin embargo, el IPA de cada especie varió temporalmente desde valores muy altos a valores muy bajos según los cambios de abundancia. Este estudio refleja la necesidad de evaluaciones de largo plazo de los cambios en el tamaño poblacional de especies de aves para una mejor aproximación del riesgo de colisiones aves-aeronaves

Postsynaptic dysfunction is associated with spatial and object recognition memory loss in a natural model of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder associated with progressive memory loss, severe dementia, and hallmark neuropathological markers, such as deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in senile plaques and accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins in neurofibrillary tangles. Recent evidence obtained from transgenic mouse models suggests that soluble, nonfibrillar Aβ oligomers may induce synaptic failure early in AD. Despite their undoubted value, these transgenic models rely on genetic manipulations that represent the inherited and familial, but not the most abundant, sporadic form of AD. A nontransgenic animal model that still develops hallmarks of AD would be an important step toward understanding how sporadic AD is initiated. Here we show that starting between 12 and 36 mo of age, the rodent Octodon degus naturally develops neuropathological signs of AD, such as accumulation of Aβ oligomers and phosphorylated tau proteins. Moreover, age-related changes in Aβ oligomers and tau phosphorylation levels are correlated with decreases in spatial and object recognition memory, postsynaptic function, and synaptic plasticity. These findings validate O. degus as a suitable natural model for studying how sporadic AD may be initiated

The Guinea Pig as a model for sporadic Alzheimer's Disease (AD): the impact of cholesterol intake on expression of AD-related genes

Extent: 12p.We investigated the guinea pig, Cavia porcellus, as a model for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), both in terms of the conservation of genes involved in AD and the regulatory responses of these to a known AD risk factor - high cholesterol intake. Unlike rats and mice, guinea pigs possess an Aβ peptide sequence identical to human Aβ. Consistent with the commonality between cardiovascular and AD risk factors in humans, we saw that a high cholesterol diet leads to up-regulation of BACE1 (β-secretase) transcription and down-regulation of ADAM10 (α-secretase) transcription which should increase release of Aβ from APP. Significantly, guinea pigs possess isoforms of AD-related genes found in humans but not present in mice or rats. For example, we discovered that the truncated PS2V isoform of human PSEN2, that is found at raised levels in AD brains and that increases γ-secretase activity and Aβ synthesis, is not uniquely human or aberrant as previously believed. We show that PS2V formation is up-regulated by hypoxia and a high-cholesterol diet while, consistent with observations in humans, Aβ concentrations are raised in some brain regions but not others. Also like humans, but unlike mice, the guinea pig gene encoding tau, MAPT, encodes isoforms with both three and four microtubule binding domains, and cholesterol alters the ratio of these isoforms. We conclude that AD-related genes are highly conserved and more similar to human than the rat or mouse. Guinea pigs represent a superior rodent model for analysis of the impact of dietary factors such as cholesterol on the regulation of AD-related genes.Mathew J. Sharman, Seyyed H. Moussavi Nik, Mengqi M. Chen, Daniel Ong, Linda Wijaya, Simon M. Laws, Kevin Taddei, Morgan Newman, Michael Lardelli, Ralph N. Martins, Giuseppe Verdil

Megalin/LRP2 Expression Is Induced by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor -Alpha and -Gamma: Implications for PPARs' Roles in Renal Function

BACKGROUND: Megalin is a large endocytic receptor with relevant functions during development and adult life. It is expressed at the apical surface of several epithelial cell types, including proximal tubule cells (PTCs) in the kidney, where it internalizes apolipoproteins, vitamins and hormones with their corresponding carrier proteins and signaling molecules. Despite the important physiological roles of megalin little is known about the regulation of its expression. By analyzing the human megalin promoter, we found three response elements for the peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR). The objective of this study was to test whether megalin expression is regulated by the PPARs. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Treatment of epithelial cell lines with PPARα or PPARγ ligands increased megalin mRNA and protein expression. The stimulation of megalin mRNA expression was blocked by the addition of specific PPARα or PPARγ antagonists. Furthermore, PPAR bound to three PPAR response elements located in the megalin promoter, as shown by EMSA, and PPARα and its agonist activated a luciferase construct containing a portion of the megalin promoter and the first response element. Accordingly, the activation of PPARα and PPARγ enhanced megalin expression in mouse kidney. As previously observed, high concentrations of bovine serum albumin (BSA) decreased megalin in PTCs in vitro; however, PTCs pretreated with PPARα and PPARγ agonists avoided this BSA-mediated reduction of megalin expression. Finally, we found that megalin expression was significantly inhibited in the PTCs of rats that were injected with BSA to induce tubulointerstitial damage and proteinuria. Treatment of these rats with PPARγ agonists counteracted the reduction in megalin expression and the proteinuria induced by BSA. CONCLUSIONS: PPARα/γ and their agonists positively control megalin expression. This regulation could have an important impact on several megalin-mediated physiological processes and on pathophysiologies such as chronic kidney disease associated with diabetes and hypertension, in which megalin expression is impaired

Discovery and validation of cell cycle arrest biomarkers in human acute kidney injury

Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) can evolve quickly and clinical measures of function often fail to detect AKI at a time when interventions are likely to provide benefit. Identifying early markers of kidney damage has been difficult due to the complex nature of human AKI, in which multiple etiologies exist. The objective of this study was to identify and validate novel biomarkers of AKI. Methods: We performed two multicenter observational studies in critically ill patients at risk for AKI - discovery and validation. The top two markers from discovery were validated in a second study (Sapphire) and compared to a number of previously described biomarkers. In the discovery phase, we enrolled 522 adults in three distinct cohorts including patients with sepsis, shock, major surgery, and trauma and examined over 300 markers. In the Sapphire validation study, we enrolled 744 adult subjects with critical illness and without evidence of AKI at enrollment; the final analysis cohort was a heterogeneous sample of 728 critically ill patients. The primary endpoint was moderate to severe AKI (KDIGO stage 2 to 3) within 12 hours of sample collection. Results: Moderate to severe AKI occurred in 14% of Sapphire subjects. The two top biomarkers from discovery were validated. Urine insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2), both inducers of G1 cell cycle arrest, a key mechanism implicated in AKI, together demonstrated an AUC of 0.80 (0.76 and 0.79 alone). Urine [TIMP-2]·[IGFBP7] was significantly superior to all previously described markers of AKI (P 0.72. Furthermore, [TIMP- 2]·[IGFBP7] significantly improved risk stratification when added to a nine-variable clinical model when analyzed using Cox proportional hazards model, generalized estimating equation, integrated discrimination improvement or net reclassification improvement. Finally, in sensitivity analyses [TIMP-2]·[IGFBP7] remained significant and superior to all other markers regardless of changes in reference creatinine method. Conclusions: Two novel markers for AKI have been identified and validated in independent multicenter cohorts. Both markers are superior to existing markers, provide additional information over clinical variables and add mechanistic insight into AKI

Neural Circuits Underlying Rodent Sociality: A Comparative Approach

All mammals begin life in social groups, but for some species, social relationships persist and develop throughout the course of an individual’s life. Research in multiple rodent species provides evidence of relatively conserved circuitry underlying social behaviors and processes such as social recognition and memory, social reward, and social approach/avoidance. Species exhibiting different complex social behaviors and social systems (such as social monogamy or familiarity preferences) can be characterized in part by when and how they display specific social behaviors. Prairie and meadow voles are closely related species that exhibit similarly selective peer preferences but different mating systems, aiding direct comparison of the mechanisms underlying affiliative behavior. This chapter draws on research in voles as well as other rodents to explore the mechanisms involved in individual social behavior processes, as well as specific complex social patterns. Contrasts between vole species exemplify how the laboratory study of diverse species improves our understanding of the mechanisms underlying social behavior. We identify several additional rodent species whose interesting social structures and available ecological and behavioral field data make them good candidates for study. New techniques and integration across laboratory and field settings will provide exciting opportunities for future mechanistic work in non-model species