The Study of Insurance Fraud

随着保险业的发展，保险诈骗现象充斥着国内外的保险市场。保险诈骗罪作为一种严重的经济犯罪，我国1997年刑法第198条就规定了保险诈骗罪，并做为一种重罪来抓，规定了最高15年的有期徒刑，这在其它国家是很少见的。本文重点通过对保险诈骗的一系列问题进行分析，希望能够对当前我国在保险方面的立法能够有所帮助，对保险公司制定相应的政策法规来对付当前如此猖狂的保险诈骗现象有所借鉴。文章前言主要是介绍保险这一制度的起源，保险的最初形式；第一章是通过数据说明现今国内外保险诈骗现象非常严重，并分析保险诈骗如此猖狂的原因。主要还是保险公司在制度设置上的严重缺陷；第二章分析保险诈骗罪的犯罪构成，重点分析其五种客观要件...As the development in the insurance industry, the domestic and international insurance market are filled with the insurance fraud. Taken as a serious economic crime, Insurance fraud was set in the Criminal Law of 1997 to the provisions of Article 198th, and we also considered it as a felony which provides 15 years in prison. This is rare in other countries This article focuses on the analysis of a...学位：法律硕士院系专业：法学院法律系_法律硕士(JM)学号：1362008115079

1,3-取代吲唑类低氧诱导因子l抑制剂的设计合成及其抗肝癌活性

低氧诱导因子l（HIF-1）与肿瘤细胞的生长、侵袭和耐药密切相关,在肿瘤细胞内HIF-1高度表达,因此新型的HIF-1抑制剂可作为潜在的抗肿瘤药物。本文合成了9个1,3-取代吲唑衍生物。通过蛋白质印迹（Western Blot）法及实时定量荧光PCR（Real time-PCR）等方法检测了其对HIF-1及其靶基因血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）表达水平的影响,并以3-（5’-羟甲基-2’-呋喃基）-1-苯甲基吲唑（YC-1）为阳性对照药物初步评价了其体外抗肝癌细胞增殖的生物活性。实验发现化合物7b可显著抑制HIF-1及其下游靶基因VEGF的表达,且体外抗肝癌增殖生物活性优于YC-1,半抑制浓度(IC50)值为10.37μmol/L。研究结果表明,3-（5’-羟甲基-2’-呋喃）-1-（1″-对甲苯磺酰基）吲唑具有靶向抑制HIF及良好的抗肝癌活性作用。福建省科技厅项目(2015Y0081,2015J01350);;厦门大学大学生创新创业训练计划项目(2016X0644,20720152005)~

Electrochemical Behaviors and Determinations of Terbutaline Sulfate at Poly Eriochrome Black T Modified Electrode

采用电化学聚合法制备了聚铬黑T膜修饰电极，应用扫描电镜、交流阻抗法和循环伏安法对修饰电极进行表征，以循环伏安法研究硫酸特布他林在修饰电极上的电化学行为，并以差示脉冲伏安法对其含量进行测定.该方法对硫酸特布他林有明显的电催化作用，在pH 7.0磷酸盐缓冲液中，氧化峰电流与硫酸特布他林浓度在1.2x10-7~2.0x10-6 mol•L-1范围内呈良好的线性关系，检测限为1.5x10-8 mol•L-1，回收率在97.9%～104.6%之间，RSD在2.8 % (C=8x10-7 mol•L-1，n=11).该方法简便灵敏，结果准确可靠，方法重复性好，可用于硫酸特布他林及其片剂的质量控制.The poly eriochrome black T modified electrode was prepared by electropolymerization. This modified electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The electrochemical behaviors of terbutaline sulfate were studied by CV, while the recoveries were measured by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The modified electrode shows excellent electrocatalytic characteristics for terbutaline sulfate. In pH 7.0 phosphate buffer solution, the oxidation peak currents obtained by DPV were linear to the terbutaline sulfate concentrations over the range of 1.2x10-7~2.0x10-6 mol•L-1. The detection limit was estimated to be 1.5x10-8  mol•L-1 and the average recovery was 97.9%～104.6%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 2.8% for 8x10-7mol•L-1terbutaline sulfate (n=11). This method is simple, sensitive, and accurate with good repeatability, and can be used for the determination of terbutaline sulfate and the corresponding tablets.国家863计划项目（2012AA022604）；国家自然科学基金（81171668，21405015 ）；福建省教育厅科技A类项目（JA13147）；大学生创新创业训练计划项目（201410392034，201510392099）资助.作者联系地址：1. 福建医科大学药学院药物分析系, 福建 福州 350108; 2. 福建省高等学校纳米医药技术重点实验室，福建 福州 350108Author's Address: 1. Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis of Fujian Medical University，Fuzhou 350108，China; 2. The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University，Fuzhou 350108，China通讯作者E-mail：[email protected]

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials