Analysis of Soil Genesis and Characteristics in Akdala Irrigation Area, Northern Xinjiang

针对新疆“沙漠绿洲灌溉农业”这一典型特点,灌区建设在北疆地区农牧业发展中具有重要作用,而灌区土壤条件作为灌区立足的根本具有举足轻重的地位,因而正确地对灌区土壤成因及土壤肥力做出评价,才能保证灌区土壤水土资源的合理开发利用和实现农牧业可持续发展。以新疆阿勒泰地区阿克达拉灌区作为研究对象,通过对灌区土壤现状的调查、资料收集、样品采集及室内化验分析,分析研究了灌区内土壤形成因素、分布以及不同类型土壤的特征特性。研究表明,灌区内土壤形成条件主要是自然因素中的冰冻作用、风力作用和温差变化作用,灌区主要分布有荒漠淡棕钙土和风沙土。风砂土质地为含土粉砂砾层-粉细质沙土,成土母质为运距离搬运的风沙为主;荒漠淡棕钙土质地为中细砂,且中细砂含量从坡上部至下部具有规律性,成土母质系为三系砂质、泥岩风化后被洪水携带或原地残留,且近代以来该区域沙化趋严重。研究成果为阿克达拉灌区和北疆类似灌区进一步开发区域内水土资源理论基础和技术依据

不同措施下土壤侵蚀特征值及其影响因子典型相关分析

根据东北沟小流域观测裸地、等高耕种、水平阶等 3 种措施径流小区的径流量和泥沙量资料，研究不同 措施下径流泥沙与降雨等因素的相互关系，采用典型相关分析法分析不同措施下影响土壤侵蚀的主要因子。 结果表明，在裸地和等高耕作措施下，径流深在土壤侵蚀特征因子中起主要作用，而在水平阶措施下，土壤流 失模数在土壤侵蚀特征因子中起主要作用。不同措施下土壤侵蚀影响因子不同，在裸地和水平阶措施下，可 以通过降雨量、雨强和雨前土壤含水量等土壤侵蚀影响因子来预测径流深和土壤流失模数，而在等高耕作措 施下，用降雨量、雨强、降雨侵蚀力等土壤侵蚀影响因子预测土壤侵蚀特征因子更为准确。</p

波状坡耕地拦挡淀排技术水沙调控效果

我国北方土石山区的地形特点是土层薄、坡长坡陡、波状起伏、以坡耕地水土流失为主。该区水土流失严重， 侵蚀沟道密集，对当地和下游造成严重的水土流失问题。为解决波状坡耕地水土流失的治理问题，针对波状坡耕 地形态特征和水土流失特点，设计波状坡耕地拦挡淀排技术，并将其布设于野外径流小区进行观测。结果表明: 1) 拦挡淀排技术对波状坡耕地削流和减蚀作用均有较好的效果，2 年平均的削流率和减蚀率分别为53. 72% 和 87. 21%，该技术对于各种类型的降雨均有较好的坡面削流效果，该措施的排水系统表现出可靠性和稳定性。2) 通 过对不同类型的降雨造成的径流量分析，拦挡淀排技术对波状坡耕地的径流调控率在降雨强度较大的情况下能发 挥出较好的效果。通过趋势线分析，对照小区的产沙量与降雨量间的直线斜率大于措施小区( 趋势线接近水平) ， 说明拦挡淀排措施下不同降雨量产生的泥沙量都很小，拦挡淀排技术减沙效果显著。3) 通过对次降雨资料分析 表明，措施小区泥沙侵蚀量均远小于对照小区。波状坡耕地的年泥沙侵蚀量主要是由几场大暴雨引起的，拦挡淀 排技术在大暴雨情况下也有显著的减蚀效果。通过添加趋势线分析发现措施小区泥沙侵蚀量与降雨量，降雨强度 和I30 之间均没有良好的线性关系，措施小区泥沙侵蚀量受降雨量，降雨强度和I30 的共同影响。在雨季，措施小区 泥沙侵蚀量受地表粗糙度的影响较大。4) 从农作物产量来看，相同施肥条件下，拦挡淀排技术在干旱年比平水年 份对作物增产的作用更明显。因此，拦挡淀排技术能够有效防治波状坡耕地水土流失，可作为一项新型坡耕地水 土流失防治技术。</p

Water production function of artificial grassland crop in arid desert area of Northern Xinjiang

在北疆地区开展非充分灌溉试验,分析北疆干旱荒漠地区主要人工草地在不同土壤水分条件下的作物产量,确定了紫花苜蓿、苏丹草和青贮玉米的水分生产函数模型,并分别采用Jensen模型、Stewart模型和Jensen模型得出了各生育阶段的敏感指数和敏感系数。检验结果表明,所确定的模型有较高的精度,平均相对误差为6.51%、9.24%和9.25%。该研究结果可为合理开发阿勒泰草原乃至新疆牧区有限的水土资源提供理论和技术支撑

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials

JUNO Sensitivity on Proton Decay p→νˉK+p\to \bar\nu K^+ Searches

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a large liquid scintillator detector designed to explore many topics in fundamental physics. In this paper, the potential on searching for proton decay in $p\to \bar\nu K^+$ mode with JUNO is investigated.The kaon and its decay particles feature a clear three-fold coincidence signature that results in a high efficiency for identification. Moreover, the excellent energy resolution of JUNO permits to suppress the sizable background caused by other delayed signals. Based on these advantages, the detection efficiency for the proton decay via $p\to \bar\nu K^+$ is 36.9% with a background level of 0.2 events after 10 years of data taking. The estimated sensitivity based on 200 kton-years exposure is $9.6 \times 10^{33}$ years, competitive with the current best limits on the proton lifetime in this channel