日本科学技术基本计划的目标管理机制分析——以《第三期科学技术基本计划》为例

本文以日本《第三期科学技术基本计划》为例,介绍了日本政府开展科技规划目标管理的实践做法。详细分析了科学技术基本计划在目标设定、目标执行、目标监测、目标修正等各个环节的管理机制,得出日本科技规划建立了"自上而下"的目标管理体系、形成了PDCA完整循环的结论。最后,针对加强我国科技规划的目标管理,提出了细化目标分解、明确目标责任归属、加强目标监测评估、及时进行动态调整等建议

热态烟气循环流化床半干法脱硫小试试验研究

我国是燃煤大国,长期以来,煤炭在中国一次能源生产和消费结构的比例都在70%左右。煤炭的大量消费造成了SO2的大量排放,据统计,我国排放的SO2中90%来自燃煤。烟气SO2的减排成为环境污染控制的重点,而烟气脱硫工艺相应的成为研究热点。现阶段国内脱硫工艺有十多种,其中采用循环流化床技术的脱硫工艺主要有干法、半干法、湿法。而循环流化床半干法烟气脱硫是一种新型的脱硫技术,由于其具有工艺流程简单、能耗小、运行费用少、占地面积小、脱硫产物呈干态,便于处理等优点,已在国内烟气脱

Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Fatty Acid in Microalgae

本文以正十九碳酸（C19：0）作内标，用HCI-CH3OH对海洋微藻（三角褐指藻）进行抽提酯化后做毛细管气相色谱分析。方法的重现性各脂肪酸的相对偏差为0.3%~11.6%，回收率为85.7%~103.3%，仪器稳定性的相对偏差为0.2%~3.1%。A capillary column gas chromatographic technique For the determination of microalgae ( phaeodactylum tricornutum )Fatty acids has been developed.The Fatty acid extraction and esteriFication is Finished in one step.Eleven kinds of Fatty acid methyl esters have been identiFied.The CV is less than 7% except C 22:5ω3 and the recovery rate 85.7～103.3%.Thus a rapid,convenient,reliable and microalytical method is established For the study on developing and making use of microalgae

循环流化床脱硫反应器流场特性实验研究

在φ250 mm×9000 mm循环流化床实验装置上,研究了循环流化床的压力和颗粒浓度在不同操作条件下的分布规律,并采用径向不均匀指数(RNI)对颗粒浓度径向分布的不均匀性沿轴向的变化进行了定量描述。试验结果表明,循环流化床中循环回路压力平衡曲线呈"8"字型分布,主床压差主要集中在文丘里段,与回料口在文丘里扩张段相比,文丘里压差所占比例有所减小,文丘里压差在相似操作条件下的变化与主床一致。循环流化床床内颗粒浓度随固体颗粒循环流率的增大或表观气速的减小而增大,径向颗粒浓度呈典型的"中心稀边壁浓"的环-核结构,循环流化床径向平均浓度随着提升管高度的增加先减小后增大,截面平均颗粒浓度沿轴向呈"C"型分布。固体颗粒浓度径向分布的不均匀性沿轴向先增大后减小,并与截面平均颗粒浓度存在很强的关联性

安西自然保护区生态补偿类比与标准研究

一、课题来源与背景 该课题为甘肃省环境保护厅2012年度省环境保护科技计划项目“安西自然保护区生态补偿类比与标准研究”(GSEP-2012-13)。项目背景：近几年来,安西自然保护区内先后有数项国家重点建设工程进行施工或者投产运行,建设前期就工程穿越保护区生态补偿资金事宜,一直是建设者、施工方和保护区三家争议的话题。至目前,国家尚无一部关于自然保护区生态补偿的标准,保护区只能依据甘肃省草原行业生态补偿标准来进行协商补偿,造成补偿资金的争议和资金额度不足以恢复原有生态。项目以西气东输三线工程等已建和在建工程为例,对工程穿越安西自然保护区生态补偿进行定量研究,最终编制《甘肃安西极旱荒漠国家级..

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials