一种改进的SON-PCR基因扩增方法

单侧寡聚核苷酸嵌套PCR(single oligonucleotide nested PCR,SON-PCR)是一种简便易行的由已知序列克隆其侧翼序列的方法,但该法的第二轮PCR反应引发效率低,而且得到的产物两端含相同的引物序列,不可直接测序.针对该问题,将第二轮PCR改进为两段式扩增,即先以单侧嵌套引物引发5′端做选择性线性扩增,然后再加入第一轮引物特异引发3′端,使特异性和效率都得到很大提高,并可用PCR产物直接测序.分别用已报道的和改进的SON-PCR法克隆Botrytis cinerea羟甲基戊

塔里木河下游应急输水与生态改善监测评估研究

2000年4月-2003年10月，水利部成功地组织了向塔里木河下游五次应急输水以改善日益恶化的塔里木河生态环境。该项目通过建立起较完善的地表水、地下水、土壤水及植被生态监测体系，对五次应急输水进行了系统的监测；通过对监测资料及遥感资料的分析，结合对输水河段和渗流区的现场勘察，全面评价了五次应急输水的水环境及植被生态响应特征与改善效果。该项目借助河流动力学、地下水动力学及恢复生态学等相关学科的理论，在深入分析河道输水条件下地表水与地下水的转化、地下水位恢复与植被响应、植被响应与最佳输水方案三者之间关系的基础上，采用与地下水埋深相结合的样地调查方法和植物生理指标、“枯枝比”指标及 “解析枝”分析方法，得到了地下水埋深与植被恢复等级的量化关系，提出了地下水埋深4m为下游区生态恢复的目标控制水位；通过河道间歇输水对河道入渗系数的影响关系，建立了塔里木河下游河道间歇输水一维水流演进与水量消耗的转化关系模型及可视化三维地下水流数值模拟模型，通过对四种可能输水方案的预测分析，推荐了合理的输水路线、输水流量与输水时间；提出合理输水方案应是线状与面状输水相结合的方案，除依靠河道耗水2.26亿 m外，还需结合生态闸堰分流约1.14亿m，人工漫溢扩大生态改善面积；在此基础上，根据五次输水的实践经验，结合运用大系统优化理论，确定了分河段水量合理配置方案及相应的配套工程与非工程保障措施。该成果在即将进行的塔河下游第六次输水方案制定、塔里木河流域生态环境保护、塔里木河下游水土保持生态修复工程初步设计及塔里木河下游大西海子以下河道疏浚工程初步设计等方面得到了直接运用。该项目研究在干旱区受损生态系统输水、恢复与重建的理论体系与资源环境管理模式方面取得的重要创新，不但可为塔里木河流域综合治理提供强有力的技术支撑，并可为中国其他类似生态环境区域的保护提供理论和实践模式，在干旱区生态环境整治和荒漠化防治方面具有重要的应用价值和广阔的应用前景。该成果总体上达到国际先进水平

东天山沙泉子铁铜矿区火山岩地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义/Geochemistry and zircon U-Pb age of volcanic rocks from the Shaquanzi Fe-Cu deposit in East Tianshan Mountains and their geological significance[J]

沙泉子铁铜矿床是东天山地区赋存于火山岩中的矿床之一。矿体产于底坎尔组玄武岩与英安岩接触部位，在闪长玢岩与围岩接触带上也可见不规则铁矿化。对火山岩的形成时代以及构造地质背景的研究是重建成矿过程的关键。LA?ICP?MS锆石U?Pb定年结果表明，沙泉子铁铜矿区底坎尔组流纹岩和闪长玢岩的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄分别为（321.7±1.7）Ma和（322.2±1.7）Ma，是早石炭世末岩浆活动的产物。元素地球化学和Hf同位素特征表明，底坎尔组火山岩属钙碱性系列，富集轻稀土元素（LREE）和大离子亲石元素（LILE），亏损高场强元素（Nb、Ta、Ti），具有岛弧火山岩地球化学特征。基性岩来源于受俯冲板片流体交代的亏损地幔，中性岩为基性岩分离结晶的产物，流纹岩是新生地壳物质部分熔融形成。综合前人研究成果表明，沙泉子铁铜矿床形成于早石炭世末陆缘弧环境，铁矿化不早于322 Ma

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials