Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂上甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应积炭的研究

在固 体床流动 反应装置 上考察 了 Ｎｉ／ γ Ａｌ２ Ｏ３ 催化 甲烷 部分 氧化 制合 成 气反 应过 程 中的积炭问 题． 结 果表明 ：反应床 层温度升 高，积炭 量降 低；温 度降 低，积 炭量 增加， 当温 度在 ６００ ℃附近时，积 炭量增 加很快． 积炭产 生位于 催化剂床 层出口段 ． 随 着压力的 增加，催 化剂 积炭 量增 加很快． 当空速超 过一定 值时，随 着空速的 增加，催 化剂积 炭量 减少 ，说明 积炭 产生 过 程受 动力 学 影响很大． 根据反 应体系 的热力学 分析与 各种反应 条件对催 化剂积 炭的影响 得出甲 烷部分催 化氧化制合成气 反应体 系中的积 炭主要是 由 Ｃ Ｏ 歧 化和 Ｃ Ｏ＋ Ｈ２ 还 原反应 产生，而不 是 Ｃ Ｈ４ 的裂解

载体对甲烷催化部分氧化制合成气的影响

运用固定床流动反应装置、ＴＰＲ和ＸＲＤ等手段考察了载体的晶相组成、比表面和孔结构等性质对Ｎｉ基催化剂在甲烷部分氧化制合成气中反应性能的影响。结果表明，热稳定性好、导热好的惰性材料如（Ｃａ）ＭｇＡｌ２Ｏ４等是甲烷部分氧化制合成气理想的催化剂载体。载体必须具有适当的比表面和孔结构，以利于反应物分子在催化剂表面吸附并与活性中心充分接触，同时也有利于产物分子脱附并离开催化剂表面，防止副反应（积碳反应和燃烧反应）的发生，及时把反应热移走，避免热点产生使催化剂失活。另外还发现，具有不同比表面和孔结构的催化剂具有不同的最佳空

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials