中国物理海洋学研究70年：发展历程、学术成就概览

本文概略评述新中国成立70年来物理海洋学各分支研究领域的发展历程和若干学术成就。中国物理海洋学研究起步于海浪、潮汐、近海环流与水团,以及以风暴潮为主的海洋气象灾害的研究。随着国力的增强,研究领域不断拓展,涌现了大量具有广泛影响力的研究成果,其中包括:提出了被国际广泛采用的"普遍风浪谱"和"涌浪谱",发展了第三代海浪数值模式;提出了"准调和分析方法"和"潮汐潮流永久预报"等潮汐潮流的分析和预报方法;发现并命名了"棉兰老潜流",揭示了东海黑潮的多核结构及其多尺度变异机理等,系统描述了太平洋西边界流系;提出了印度尼西亚贯穿流的南海分支(或称南海贯穿流);不断完善了中国近海陆架环流系统,在南海环流、黑潮及其分支、台湾暖流、闽浙沿岸流、黄海冷水团环流、黄海暖流、渤海环流,以及陆架波方面均取得了深刻的认识;从大气桥和海洋桥两个方面对太平洋–印度洋–大西洋洋际相互作用进行了系统的总结;发展了浅海水团的研究方法,基本摸清了中国近海水团的分布和消长特征与机制,在大洋和极地水团分布及运动研究方面也做出了重要贡献;阐明了南海中尺度涡的宏观特征和生成机制,揭示了中尺度涡的三维结构,定量评估了其全球物质与能量输运能力;基本摸清了中国近海海洋锋的空间分布和季节变化特征,提出了地形、正压不稳定和斜压不稳定等锋面动力学机制;构建了"南海内波潜标观测网",实现了对内波生成–演变–消亡全过程机理的系统认识;发展了湍流的剪切不稳定理论,提出了海流"边缘不稳定"的概念,开发了海洋湍流模式,提出了湍流混合参数化的新方法等;在海洋内部混合机制和能量来源方面取得了新的认识,并阐述了混合对海洋深层环流、营养物质输运等过程的影响;研发了全球浪–潮–流耦合模式,推出一系列海洋与气候模式;发展了可同化主要海洋观测数据的海洋数据同化系统和用于ENSO预报的耦合同化系统;建立了达到国际水准的非地转(水槽/水池)和地转(旋转平台)物理模型实验平台;发展了ENSO预报的误差分析方法,建立了海洋和气候系统年代际变化的理论体系,揭示了中深层海洋对全球气候变化的响应;初步建成了中国近海海洋观测网;持续开展南北极调查研究;建立了台风、风暴潮、巨浪和海啸的业务化预报系统,为中国气象减灾提供保障;突破了国外的海洋技术封锁,研发了万米水深的深水水听器和海洋光学特性系列测量仪器;建立了溢油、危险化学品漂移扩散等预测模型,为伴随海洋资源开发所带来的风险事故的应急处理和预警预报提供科学支撑。文中引用的大量学术成果文献(每位第一作者优选不超过3篇)显示,经过70年的发展,中国物理海洋学研究培养了一支实力雄厚的科研队伍,这是最宝贵的成果。这支队伍必将成为中国物理海洋学研究攀登新高峰的主力军

The occurrence of polycyclic musks in a typically wastewater treatment plant

多环麝香在日常生活中被广泛使用,在生产和使用过程中会经过污水处理系统而进入环境中.研究了日用化妆品生产工厂排放的多环麝香在污水处理系统中污水和污泥的污染特征.在大型日用化妆品生产工厂污水处理厂的污水和污泥中均检测出较高浓度的多环麝香,HHCB和AHTN是两种主要污染物.其中多环麝香在污水处理系统进水中质量浓度范围为4.7(AHMI)～550 μg·L~(-1)(HHCB),出水中质量浓度范围为:低于检测限(AHMI)～32.1μg·L~(-1)(HHCB),污泥(干物质量)中多环麝香的含量范围为1.78(AHMI)～566 mg·kg~(-1)(HHCB).污水处理系统污水中多环麝香的去除效率非常高,达到了90%以上,然而,污泥中却富集了大量的多环麝香,表明污水中的多环麝香很大一部分转移到了污泥中,从而可能成为环境中一种潜在的多环麝香污染源

IA:一种科学数据云分析服务管理引擎

【目的】随着科学大数据技术的发展,问题导向的数据端分析成为常态。科学数据处理以云计算的形式跑在数据端,并提供安全的用户访问方式、可选的算法资源库、高效的数据存取接口、便捷的用户交互工具、有效扩展的计算和存储资源,将有力提升科学家的数据分析探索效率。【方法】本文提出一种基于容器技术的科学数据端云分析服务管理引擎设计方案:资源节点以自动注册的方式进行横向扩展,资源节点可以是物理主机或虚拟主机;当在用资源达到阈值,管理节点通过接口启动资源节点的注册,同时资源入池;可选的算法资源库、高效的数据和计算访问接口均以容器镜像的方式进行版本控制,在构造资源池时选用。容器实例池的健康度在节点内部进行维护,根据用户的最长使用时间、静默时间等进行实例生命周期管理;内部资源池的容器实例有准备中、准备好、使用中、消亡中几种状态,并始终维护资源池的固定大小。用户认证访问时,根据用户的领域算法库的选择和资源池的使用率进行新用户资源的接入,并通过代理配置提供唯一的标识入口以供用户访问;用户以安全加密的网络访问方式访问交互编程组件或交互应用组件,即可使用数据端的数据资源和计算资源。每个交互组件均在独立的容器实例中,可以进行有效的资源隔离。【结果】基于以上科学数据端云分析服务管理引擎构建的交互分析云服务系统IA(Interactive Analysis Cloud Service System)V1.0,实现了科学数据端云分析资源的统一管理服务,可以通过服务门户直接面向终端科学家使用,也可以通过API接口以docker容器交付的方式给其它现有数据系统调用。已逐步构建生命健康、生态环境、气象水文等领域的科学数据端云分析服务,已应用于中国科学院战略先导专项A、中国科学院战略先导专项B、国家烟草专卖局重大专项等重大项目;已应用于国家微生物科学数据中心、国家空间科学数据中心等国家科学数据中心;已应用于地理空间数据云、DarwinTree分子数据与应用环境等领域公共平台。并提供面向R、TensorFlow、Data Science、All Spark等的常用工具服务,用户可以https的方式访问交互编程组件(iJupyter)或交互应用组件(iWorkflow),即可使用数据端的数据资源和计算资源

基于DRS4测试板的数字波形分析方法

<span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);">使用不同的方法来确定LaBr_3晶体信号的到达时间。在文中信号经过光电倍增管的放大之后由DSR4测试板进行数字采集,其中DRS4是由瑞士PSI研究所生产的高带宽、低功耗以及快读出时间的开关电容阵列。这些优势使得DRS4很具有吸引力,很多实验将传统的ADC与TDC替换为DRS4。采集的波形可以通过不同的方法进行后续处理。其中包括:(1)恒分甄别、(2)波形拟合、(3)PMT脉冲模型法以及(4)均值过滤法。文中实现的恒分甄别的时间分辨与使用模拟电路获取的平均时间分辨相比没有提高。高斯波形拟合法虽然与数字CFD的结果相当,但是却更加耗时。均值滤波法虽然容易实现,但是通过这个方法得到的时间分辨与采样时间在一个量级。而PMT脉冲模型法得到的平均时间分辨为195.4 ps,优于模拟信号的恒分甄别的时间分辨254.7 ps.</span><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 22px; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248);">Various digital methods were examined for determining the relative arrival times of pulses from Ф20 mm* 5 mm LaBr_3 scintillators. In this study, pulses from the photomultiplier tubes(PMTs) were digitized by DRS4 evaluation board, a switched capacitor array(SCA) produced by the Paul Scherrer Institute(PSI). The high bandwidth, low power consumption and short readout time make DRS4 attractive for many experiments, replacing traditional ADCs and TDCs. The sampling signals were post processed with multiple techniques. These techniques include:(1) constant-fraction discrimination(CFD),(2) pulse-shape fitting,(3) mean PMT pulse model and(4) median filtered zero crossing method. The implemented CFD in the digital regimes did not improve the resolution of using analog equipment with average time resolution. The pulse-shape fitting yielded as good resolution as digital CFD, however, is much more time consuming. The median filtered method were easy to implement, and had a resolution on the order of sampling time. Average timing resolutions of 195.4 ps were obtained with mean PMT pulse model, which is better than the analog constant-fraction-zero-crossing with average resolution of 254.7 ps.</span

艾比湖周边灌丛沙堆风沙沉积记录的气候环境演化/Record for Climate Revolution in Aeolian Deposit of Nabkhas around the Ebinur Lake[J]

选择位于西风区的新疆艾比湖周边灌丛沙堆为研究对象,利用光释光测年初步建立风沙沉积的时间序列,分析了风沙沉积粒度和地球化学元素两个环境代用指标的古气候意义,并通过区域对比和综合分析,初步建立区域风沙气候环境演变序列.结果表明:研究区灌丛沙堆主要发育于晚全新世,缺失早中全新世的风沙沉积.晚冰期以来,艾比湖地区的风沙气候环境演变经历了一系列冷湿(凉湿)— 暖干(温干)的变化过程,其中暖干(温干)时期气候干旱,风力强劲,湖滨阶地主要发生风蚀过程,不利于灌丛沙堆的发育.晚全新世以来,艾比湖周边灌丛沙堆发育较普遍,风沙沉积至少记录了3次相对干旱期和3次相对湿润期.灌丛沙堆记录的风沙气候环境演化序列与北疆其他全新世沉积记录有较好的一致性,基本遵循晚次冰期以来气候变化的西风模式,同时也受到局地风沙地貌环境的影响

西北干旱区气候变化及其对生态环境影响/Climate change in arid areas of Northwest China in past 50 years and its effects on the local ecological environment[J]

在全球气候变化的大背景下,中国西北干旱区气候在过去50 a也发生了相应的变化,对该区域的生态环境已经产生了较大程度的影响.利用西北干旱区128站点1961-2010年逐日气温降水量资料,结合DEM数据和GIDS插值分析方法,探讨了西北干旱区气候变化特征及其对生态环境的影响.结果表明:西北干旱区气温普遍升高,但变暖的幅度因季节和地域而存在差异,其中冬季增暖最为明显(0.506℃·10 a-1),夏季增暖缓慢；增温趋势最大区域主要在伊犁河谷、塔城等地区,天山东部和祁连山区变暖趋势也较大,天山中部及沙漠周边地区变暖趋势一般；降水量也呈增加趋势,年和冬季降水增加显著,春季降水有逐步增加的趋势,秋季降水增加则比较缓慢；降水变化趋势山区最大,干旱区东部、沙漠腹地及周边地区有下降趋势；近几十年来西北干旱区气候的暖湿化趋势,导致冰川强烈的消融退缩,对干旱区水资源和生态环境产生重大影响；而沙尘暴频次减小主要与新疆和内蒙古等沙源区向暖湿化发展有关,由暖干化向暖湿化转型对沙尘暴的发生有一定的弱化作用.湖泊水位的升降、面积的变化对气候变化有一定的响应

Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia

BACKGROUND: In most western industrialised countries, second generation (atypical) antipsychotics are recommended as first line drug treatments for people with schizophrenia. In this review we specifically examine how the efficacy and tolerability of one such agent - aripiprazole - differs from that of other comparable second generation antipsychotics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of aripiprazole compared with other atypical antipsychotics for people with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group Trials Register (November 2011), inspected references of all identified studies for further trials, and contacted relevant pharmaceutical companies, drug approval agencies and authors of trials for additional information. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included all randomised clinical trials (RCTs) comparing aripiprazole (oral) with oral and parenteral forms of amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone or zotepine for people with schizophrenia or schizophrenia-like psychoses. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We extracted data independently. For dichotomous data we calculated risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) on an intention-to-treat basis based on a random-effects model. Where possible, we calculated illustrative comparative risks for primary outcomes. For continuous data, we calculated mean differences (MD), again based on a random-effects model. We assessed risk of bias for each included study. MAIN RESULTS: We included 12 trials involving 6389 patients. Aripiprazole was compared to olanzapine, risperidone and ziprasidone. All trials were sponsored by an interested drug manufacturer. The overall number of participants leaving studies early was 30% to 40%, limiting validity (no differences between groups).When compared with olanzapine no differences were apparent for global state (no clinically important change: n = 703, 1 RCT, RR short-term 1.00 95% CI 0.81 to 1.22; n = 317, 1 RCT, RR medium-term 1.08 95% CI 0.95 to 1.22) but mental state tended to favour olanzapine (n = 1360, 3 RCTs, MD total Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) 4.68 95% CI 2.21 to 7.16). There was no significant difference in extrapyramidal symptoms (n = 529, 2 RCTs, RR 0.99 95% CI 0.62 to 1.59) but fewer in the aripiprazole group had increased cholesterol levels (n = 223, 1 RCT, RR 0.32 95% CI 0.19 to 0.54) or weight gain of 7% or more of total body weight (n = 1095, 3 RCTs, RR 0.39 95% CI 0.28 to 0.54).When compared with risperidone, aripiprazole showed no advantage in terms of global state (n = 384, 2 RCTs, RR no important improvement 1.14 95% CI 0.81 to 1.60) or mental state (n = 372, 2 RCTs, MD total PANSS 1.50 95% CI -2.96 to 5.96).One study compared aripiprazole with ziprasidone (n = 247) and both the groups reported similar change in the global state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD average change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score -0.03 95% CI -0.28 to 0.22) and mental state (n = 247, 1 RCT, MD change PANSS -3.00 95% CI -7.29 to 1.29).When compared with any one of several new generation antipsychotic drugs the aripiprazole group showed improvement in global state in energy (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.69 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84), mood (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.77 95% CI 0.65 to 0.92), negative symptoms (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68 to 0.99), somnolence (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.80 95% CI 0.69 to 0.93) and weight gain (n = 523, 1 RCT, RR 0.84 95% CI 0.76 to 0.94). Significantly more people given aripiprazole reported symptoms of nausea (n = 2881, 3 RCTs, RR 3.13 95% CI 2.12 to 4.61) but weight gain (7% or more of total body weight) was less common in people allocated aripiprazole (n = 330, 1 RCT, RR 0.35 95% CI 0.19 to 0.64). Aripiprazole may have value in aggression but data are limited. This will be the focus of another review. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Information on all comparisons are of limited quality, are incomplete and problematic to apply clinically. Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug with a variant but not absent adverse effect profile. Long-term data are sparse and there is considerable scope for another update of this review as new data emerges from the many Chinese studies as well as from ongoing larger, independent pragmatic trials

JUNO Sensitivity on Proton Decay p→νˉK+p\to \bar\nu K^+ Searches

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is a large liquid scintillator detector designed to explore many topics in fundamental physics. In this paper, the potential on searching for proton decay in $p\to \bar\nu K^+$ mode with JUNO is investigated.The kaon and its decay particles feature a clear three-fold coincidence signature that results in a high efficiency for identification. Moreover, the excellent energy resolution of JUNO permits to suppress the sizable background caused by other delayed signals. Based on these advantages, the detection efficiency for the proton decay via $p\to \bar\nu K^+$ is 36.9% with a background level of 0.2 events after 10 years of data taking. The estimated sensitivity based on 200 kton-years exposure is $9.6 \times 10^{33}$ years, competitive with the current best limits on the proton lifetime in this channel