中国企业养老保险支出挤出了员工工资吗?

1 黎志刚获加州大学圣地亚哥分校经济学博士学位，现为香港浸会大学商学院访问教授；他的电子邮箱是[email protected]。吴明琴获香港大学经济学博士学位，现为华南师范大学经济与管理学院副教授；她的电子邮箱是 [email protected]。通过对实证结果的分析，我们得到如下发现: 第一，工人的名义工资是刚性的，不会受企业缴纳养老保险的影响。名义工资受到劳动合同的保护，在合同期内一般不会改变。 第二，名义工资虽然不变，但是工人的实际工资可能受到影响。在较低通货膨胀率地区，企业养老保险改革的速度较慢。这与存在通货膨胀的黏性工资模型一致（Sommers 2005）。当地方经济经历通货膨胀时，员工的真实工资下降。在通货膨胀率较高的地区，企业可以有更多的空间降低真实工资从而将更多的养老保险负担转移给雇员。 第三，虽然企业不能完全将养老保险的负担转移到员工身上，但位于产业集聚地区的企业承担了更多的养老保险成本；而在产业集聚程度较低的地区，企业所负担的养老保险的成本较小，而是更多的来自政府补贴。根据实证结果，在产业集聚的地区，员工工资和人数没有受到影响但企业利润显著下降了。当养老保险－工资比率上升1个百分点，企业利润就下降1.46个百分点。而在产业集聚程度较低的地区，一个企业增加养老保险－工资比率1个百分点，工资上升1.31个百分点，员工人数上升0.72个百分点，利润上升超过2个百分点。这表明地方政府给企业的补贴间接提供了工资和利润。本文认为，政府补贴的影响在产业集聚程度较低的地区更显著，因为这些地方政府更愿意吸引投资者。相反，在企业较为密集的地区，集聚效应的正外部性已经足以吸引投资，而不需要额外的政府补贴

Effect of tea polyphenols on the retrogradation of sweet potato starch

淀粉老化会导致淀粉基食品变硬、弹性减小,严重缩短这些产品的货架期。本文通过X-射线衍射、质构分析、色泽分析和傅立叶变换红外光谱等方法检测甘薯淀粉样品在长期储存过程中(80d)的结构和特性变化,研究茶多酚对甘薯淀粉的抗老化效果。纯甘薯淀粉在放置80d之后,硬度接近初始硬度的30倍,而加入9WT.%茶多酚之后,硬度增大趋势得到明显的抑制,80d之后淀粉胶体硬度不足初始硬度的4倍。实验结果显示,茶多酚可抑制甘薯淀粉形成结晶结构,延缓其结晶过程,从而降低甘薯淀粉胶体的硬度,减小胶体的硬度和色泽变化。这说明茶多酚可有效抑制甘薯淀粉的老化。Retrogradation in cooked starch based products significantly shortens the shelf life of these products as they become firm and less elastic during storage.In this work,the effect of tea polyphenols( TPs) on the retrogradation of sweet potato starch during long- term storage( 80d) was evaluated by characterizing sweet potato starch sample using X- ray diffraction( XRD),texture profile analysis( TPA),color analysis,and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy( FT- IR).After storage for 80 d,the hardness of pure sweet potato starch increased to about30 times of initial hardness.While for sweet potato starch with 9wt.% TPs,the normalized hardness was less than 4.The experimental results showed that TPs retard the recrystallization of starch,resulting in decrease in the hardness of sweet potato starch gel.The variations of hardness and color of the sweet potato starch gel were also limited by the addition of TPs.The results suggested that the retrogradation of sweet potato starch was inhibited by TPs

Study on preparation and in vitro release behavior of hydroxycamptothecin-loaded PLA microspheres

目的:研究载羟基喜树碱的聚乳酸微球的制备方法并考察其体外释药性质。方法:以PlA为成膜材料,采用改良乳化-溶剂挥发法,制备载羟基喜树碱的聚乳酸微球并优化制备工艺;对载药微球进行表征;超声介导下进行载药微球的体外释药试验。结果:微球粒径在1~7μM,大小均一;羟基喜树碱浓度在10Mg.Ml-1下,载药微球包封率为62.2%,载药量为1.69%;药物体外释药符合HIguCHI方程。结论:采用乳化-溶剂挥发法,以PlA为成膜材料可制得具有较高包封率的羟基喜树碱微球,有望实现降低羟基喜树碱给药量、减少不良反应,提高靶向性的目标。Objective:To prepare hydroxycamptothecin(HCPT)-loaded PLA microspheres and study the release of HCPT in vitro.Methods:To optimize the preparation process,the HCPT-loaded PLA microspheres were prepared by using an improved solvent evaporation method;drug-loaded microspheres was characterized;in vitro drug release experiments were carried out under ultrasound.Results:The sizes of drug loaded PLA microspheres were homogeneous and between 1--7 μm;the concentration of HCPT was 10 mg·mL-1,the drug encapsulation efficiency was 62.2%,and the drug-loading amounts was 1.69%;the release in vitro complied with Higuchi equation.Conclusion:The improved solvent evaporation method with PLA as the film-forming material can increase the encapsulation efficiency of HCPT-loaded microspheres,thus the reduction of dosage and improvement of toxic effects of HCPT would be expected.Targeting effect may be improved.福建省卫生厅青年科研项目(2009-2-79

Control Study on Symptom of Anxiety and Depression Disorder before and after 5· 12 Wenchuan Earthquake

目的:探讨家庭社会经济地位、职业价值观对医学生主观幸福感的独特效应,以及家庭社会经济地位与职业价值观对医学主观幸福感的交互效应。方法:采用家庭社会经济地位问卷、职业价值观问卷和主观幸福感量表对4054名医学生实施团体施测。结果:1女生在目的性职业价值观的家庭维护、成就实现维度得分显著高于男生(P<0.001),在地位追求、社会促进维度的得分显著低于男生(P<0.001);在手段性职业价值观的兴趣性格、规范道德、职业前景、福利待遇维度得分显著高于男生(P<0.01或P<0.001),在薪酬声望维度得分显著低于男生(P<0.001)。2家庭社会经济地位、成就实现、社会促进、兴趣性格、地位追求、轻松..

固始县生态林业建设现状与对策

简述了河南省固始县生态林业现状与存在的问题,提出了生态林业建设的指导思想、战略目标、战略重点及主要对策。在固始县生态林业建设中提高科技含量、改变种植模式、采取多方投资等是逐步恢复和扩大生态林、促进生态环境良性循环的有效途径

Primary Identification of Triterpene Compounds in Chizhi (Ganoderma lucidum) by HPLC-APCI-MS

采用反相高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器(RP-HPLC-DAD)和大气压化学电离质谱(APCI-MS)联用技术,分析赤芝中含有的三萜类化合物。使用反相C18色谱柱,以乙腈和水(含2%冰醋酸)为流动相梯度洗脱,流速为0.8ml/min,室温下,色谱检测波长253nm;用DAD检测器记录各个色谱峰的紫外吸收光谱,采用APCI-MS进行在线同步分析,记录TIC总离子流色谱图和各个色谱峰的质谱图,通过紫外光谱及质谱分析并与文献对照初步鉴定了赤芝中的32个三萜类成分。High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) was applied to analyze the triterpenoids in extracts of Ganoderma lucidum. The extraction conditions are: Hypersil C4 (4.6 mm × 150 mm) column with gradient elution with acetonitrile and water (2.0% acetic acid) as mobile phase, flow-rate 0.8 ml/min, and room temperature about 25 ℃. The detection wavelength is 253 nm and the UV spectra of peaks are obtainedwith a photodiode array detector (DAD). On-line APCI-MS in positive and negative mode was used to get the mass spectrum of the analyte. Thirty-two components of Ganoderma lucidum are primarily identified by comparison of the UV spectra and mass spectrum according to published literatures.青岛“2004将才计划”项目(04-3-JJ-11);; 共建生物医药研发测试中心资助项目(LS-05-KJZX-76

Pharmacokinetics of Dual Conjugated Chitosan-mitomycin C Nanoparticles in Rats

目的研究双修饰壳聚糖载丝裂霉素C纳米粒在大鼠体内的药动学特征。方法 2组大鼠分别静脉注射4 Mg·kg·1丝裂霉素C纳米粒和丝裂霉素C注射剂后,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(HPlC-MS)测定给药后不同时间点血浆中丝裂霉素C的浓度,计算主要药动学参数。结果丝裂霉素C的线性范围20~1 000μg·l·1,最低定量限为20μg·l·1,提取回收率均>95%,日内、日间精密度rSd均<15%。双修饰壳聚糖载丝裂霉素C纳米粒和丝裂霉素C注射剂T1/2分别为(2.64±0.11)H、(0.49±0.049)H;AuC0-∞分别为(2.01±0.11)Mg·H·1·l·1、(0.93±0.075)Mg·H·1·l·1;Vz分别为(1.52±0.18)l、(0.63±0.065)l;Cl分别为(6.95±0.70)Ml·MIn·1、(15.47±1.89)Ml·MIn·1,2者均有显著性差异。结论该方法灵敏、准确、专一,适用于丝裂霉素C的药动学研究。与丝裂霉素C注射剂相比,双修饰壳聚糖载丝裂霉素C纳米粒具有缓释和长循环的作用。OBJECTIVE To study the pharmacokinetics of dual conjugated chitosan-mitomycin C nanoparticles(CS-MMC-NPs) in rats.METHODS The two groups of rats were injected with CS-MMC-NPs and MMC injection at the dose of 4 mg·kg·1.The concentrations of MMC in plasma at different time were determined by HPLC-MS and the main pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated.RESULTS The calibration curves were linear over the range of 20·1 000 μg·L·1.The limit of quantitation was 20 μg·L·1.The within day and day to day relative standard deviation(RSD) was <15%.The main pharmacokinetic parameters of CS-MMC-NPs and MMC injection were as follows: t1/2 were(2.64±0.11)h and(0.49±0.049)h, AUC0- ∞ were(2.01±0.11)mg·h·1·L·1 and(0.93±0.075)mg·h·1·L·1, Vz were(1.52±0.18)L and(0.63±0.065)L, CL were(6.95±0.70)mL·min·1 and(15.47±1.89)mL·min·1.The differences of parameters were significant between two preparations.CONCLUSION The method is sensitive, accurate, specific for the pharmacokinetic study of CS-MMC-NPs.Compared with MMC injection, CS-MMC-NPs has a controlled releasing rate, a high level of blood concentrations and a long blood circulation time, which benefits the control of acute toxicity of MMC for the rats.厦门市科学技术计划项目资助项目(3502Z20114007

固始县生态农业建设现状与对策

研究了河南省固始县生态农业的现状、生态农业技术与生态农业模式,提出了基地建设、示范小区建设、配套项目建设、农村生态环境综合治理等生态农业建设的主要对策。建立结构和功能不断优化的生态农业复合系统是实现固始县生态农业良性循环和可持续发展的有效途径