A method of storing vector data in compressed form using clustering

The development of the machine learning algorithms for information search in recent years made it possible to represent text and multimodal documents in the form of vectors. These vector representations (embeddings) preserve the semantic content of documents and allow the search to be performed as the calculation of distance between vectors. Compressing embeddings can reduce the amount of memory they occupy and improve computational efficiency. The article discusses existing methods for compressing vector representations without loss of accuracy and with loss of accuracy. A method is proposed to reduce error by clustering vector representations using lossy compression. The essence of the method is in performing the preliminary clustering of vector representations, saving the centers of each cluster, and saving the coordinate value of each vector representation relative to the center of its cluster. Then, the centers of each cluster are compressed without loss of accuracy, and the resulting shifted vector representations are compressed with loss of accuracy. To restore the original vector representations, the coordinates of the center of the corresponding cluster are added to the coordinates of the displaced representation. The proposed method was tested on the fashion-mnist-784- euclidean and NYT-256-angular datasets. A comparison has been made of compressed vector representations with loss of accuracy by reducing the bit depth with vector representations compressed using the proposed method. With a slight (around 10 %) increase in the size of the compressed data, the absolute value of the error from loss of accuracy decreased by four and two times, respectively, for the tested sets. The developed method can be applied in tasks where it is necessary to store and process vector representations of multimodal documents, for example, in the development of search engines

SOLAR ENERGY

In the article solar energy as a renewable energy source is being examined. The growth of solar energy around the world, it's advantages and the installed capacity in the world's major countries are being analyzed.В работе рассматривается солнечная энергетика как возобновляемый источник энергии, ее перспективы. Представлен рост солнечной энергетики по всему миру. Проведен обзор установленных мощностей в крупных мировых странах

Правовое обеспечение оказания паллиативной помощи онкологическим больным

Background. According to the novel approach to the treatment of patients as persons, the phenomenon of palliation distinguishes modern medicine from the traditional medical paternalism. it means that medical science and practice go beyond physical health, when treatment methods aimed to improving the quality of patient’ life are widely used. man as a phenomenon of culture becomes something much more than his physical body.The purpose of the study was to analyze the palliative care legislation.Results. The palliative care was shown not to be a type of medical care, but it refers to the terms used in clinical practice to determine the purposes of specialized treatment aimed at not curing the disease, but rather extending life and controlling symptoms. conclusion. it is necessary to include patients’ relatives and friends to the number of people in need of medical care. The development of the federal state educational standard of higher education in the specialty of a palliative care physician is also of great importance. Актуальность. В настоящее время в медицине сложился подход к человеку как к личности, согласно которому явление паллиативности отличает современную медицину от традиционного, классического врачевания, исповедовавшего патерналистский подход. Это означает, что в современную эпоху медицинская наука и практика выходят за пределы физического (телесного) здоровья, когда распространение получают методы лечения, позволяющие улучшить качество жизни человека без полного восстановления его физического здоровья. Человек как феномен культуры становится чем-то гораздо большим, нежели его физическое тело.Цель исследования – проанализировать законодательство об оказании паллиативной помощи.Результаты. Паллиативное лечение не является видом медицинской помощи, а относится к объединяющим терминам, применяемым в клинической практике для определения целей специализированного лечения, направленного в настоящий момент не на излечение заболевания, а на возможное продление жизни больного. Обосновывается необходимость включения в число нуждающихся в медицинской помощи лиц родственников и близких больного, которому оказывается паллиативная помощь. Также отмечается необходимость в разработке федерального государственного образовательного стандарта высшего образования по специальности «Врач по паллиативной помощи»

Assessing the impact of various modes of infusion-transfusion therapy in fluid balance and acid-base status in abominal surgery

The goal of study was evaluation of effects of two modes fluid therapy on electrolyte balance and the acid-base status at patients with a hepar and/or pancreas deseases. 100 schedule-operated patients were included in our study. In the first group therapy on the basis of physiologic saline and 6 % HES 130/0,42 (Venofundin) has been used. In the second group the balanced mode of fluids therapies on the basis of isotonic sterofundin and 6 % HES 130/0,42 (Tetraspan) was applied. Laboratory-clinical monitoring was carried out for the first time postoperative days. We find statistics significant changes such as hyperchloremic and dilutional acidosis and decreasing of diuresis in first group of patients.Изучено влияние двух режимов инфузионно-трансфузионной терапии (ИТТ) на водно-электролитный баланс и кислотно-основное состояние у пациентов с хирургическими заболеваниями желудочно-кишечного тракта. В исследование включены 100 пациентов, которым проводили оперативные пособия в плановом порядке. Проведена рандомизация методом генератора случайных чисел. В первой группе была использована несбалансированная ИТТ на основе 0,9% раствора натрия хлорида и 6 % ГЭК 130/0,4 (Венофундин). Во второй группе применялся сбалансированный режим ИТТ на основе изотонического стерофундина и 6 % ГЭК 130/0,42 (Тетраспан). Лабораторно-клинический мониторинг осуществлялся в первые послеоперационные сутки. Отмечено развитие гиперхлоремического дилюционного ацидоза в первой группе сопровождающееся снижением темпа мочеотделения. Сбалансированный режим инфузионной терапии в достоверно меньшей степени нарушает физиологический водно-электролитный и кислотно-основной статус, способствуя сохранению гомеостаза

HYDROGEN POWER IN RUSSIA

The paper discusses the latest developments of Russian companies in the field of hydrogen power.В работе рассмотрены новейшие разработки российских компаний в области водородной энергетики

ОНКОМАРКЕРЫ СА 125, НЕ 4 КАК ПРЕДИКТОРНЫЕ ФАКТОРЫ ПРОГНОЗА У БОЛЬНЫХ С ПОГРАНИЧНЫМИ ОПУХОЛЯМИ ЯИЧНИКОВ

The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between serum levels of tumor markers СА 125 and НЕ 4 and disease stage, histological type as well as treatment in patients with borderline ovarian tumors. Materials and methods. Thirty patients with borderline ovarian tumors were retrospectively studied. The control group consisted of 70 patients with ovarian cancer and 30 healthy women. Results. Expression levels of СА 125 and НЕ were higher in patients with borderline tumors than in healthy women. In patients with stage I-II borderline ovarian tumors, СА 125 and НЕ 4 levels were similar to those observed in patients with ovarian cancer. However, in patients with stage III borderline ovarian tumors. After completing treatment, a significant reduction in the expression of СА 125 and НЕ 4 markers occurred. Conclusion. Tumor markers HE4 and CA125 can be predictive factors for tumor response to therapy and the tool for detecting patients at high risk for ovarian cancer

Особенности функционирования системы врожденного и адаптивного иммунитета у пациентов с COVID-19 старшей возрастной группы

Goal. Characteristics of innate, cellular and adaptive immunity in patients of the older age group with COVID19.Materials and methods. Blood leukocytes were induced by Newcastle disease virus (α-interferon), phytohemagglutinin (γ-interferon), SARS CoV 2: RBD antigens and S-protein; interferon activity in human fibroblast culture and enzyme immunoassay were evaluated. In serum, IgG antibodies to SARS CoV2 and autoantibodies to interferon and to the endothelium of blood vessels were determined using a mono-layer of human umbilical vein cells. Statistical processing was performed in Excel 2016.Results. A decrease in the production of  α-interferon and γ-interferon was revealed: 1 week -74.2±15.1; 3 week-144.0±35.7 (p=0.01); control – 266.6 ±82 (relative to 3 weeks p=0.004) and IFN γ: 1 week -6.8±2; 3 week – 14.4 ±3.5 (p=0.03); control – 28.87.15 (relative to 3 weeks (p=0.007). Decreased production of γ-interferon by leukocytes of patients with induction by SARS CoV2 RBD and S-trimer anti-gens was revealed. Antibodies to SARS CoV2 were detected starting from the 2nd week of the disease, a large spread of indicators was noted. Autoantibodies to α2-interferon and to vascular surface antigens were detected.Conclusion. The state of innate immunity in patients of the older age group with severe and moderate COVID-19 was characterized by a decrease in the activity of the interferon system. Decreased activity of cellular immunity to SARS CoV2 antigens was noted. Adaptive immunity was characterized by the development of an imbalance in the form of the appearance of autoantibodies to α-interferon and vascular endothelium.Цель: характеристика активности врожденного, клеточного и адаптивного иммунитета у пациентов старшей возрастной группы с COVID19.Материалы и методы: лейкоциты крови пациентов индуцировали вирусом болезни Ньюкастла (α-интерферон), фитогемагглютинином (γ-интерферон), антигенами SARS CoV 2: RBD и S-белком; оценивали активность интерферона в культуре фибробластов человека и методом иммуноферментного анализа. В сыворотке крови определяли: IgG антитела к SARS-CoV-2 и аутоантитела к интерферону и к эндотелию кровеносных сосудов, используя монослой клеток пупочной вены человека. Статистическую обработку выполняли в программе Excel 2016.Результаты: у пациентов старшей возрастной группы с тяжелой и среднетяжелой формами COVID-19 c осложненным течением выявлено снижение продукции α-интерферона и γ-интерферон в течение первых недель заболевания: 1-я неделя – 74,2±15,1; 3-я неделя – 144,0±35,7 (р=0,01); контроль – 266,6 ±82 (относительно 3 недели р=0,004) и ИФН γ: 1-я неделя – 6,8±2; 3-я неделя – 14,4 ±3,5 (р=0,03); контроль – 28,87,15 (относительно 3-й недели (р=0,007)). Выявлена сниженная продукция γ-интерферона лейкоцитами пациентов при индукции антигенами SARS-CoV-2 RBD и S-тримером по сравнению с вакцинированными пациентами. Антитела к SARS-CoV-2 в сыворотке крови обнаруживались, начиная со 2-й недели заболевания, отмечен большой разброс показателей. Обнаружены аутоантитела к α2-интерферону и к поверхностным антигенам эндотелия кровеносных сосудов человека.Заключение: состояние врожденного иммунитета у пациентов старшей возрастной группы с тяжелой и среднетяжелой формой COVID-19 характеризовалось снижением активности системы интерферона. Отмечена сниженная активность клеточного иммунитета к антигенам SARS-CoV-2. Адаптивный иммунитет характеризовался разбросом в показателях продукции IgG антител к SARS-CoV-2 и развитием дисбаланса в виде появления аутоантител к α-интерферону и к эндотелию сосудов

Epidemiology, practice of ventilation and outcome for patients at increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications

BACKGROUND Limited information exists about the epidemiology and outcome of surgical patients at increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs), and how intraoperative ventilation was managed in these patients. OBJECTIVES To determine the incidence of surgical patients at increased risk of PPCs, and to compare the intraoperative ventilation management and postoperative outcomes with patients at low risk of PPCs. DESIGN This was a prospective international 1-week observational study using the ‘Assess Respiratory Risk in Surgical Patients in Catalonia risk score’ (ARISCAT score) for PPC for risk stratification. PATIENTS AND SETTING Adult patients requiring intraoperative ventilation during general anaesthesia for surgery in 146 hospitals across 29 countries. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was the incidence of patients at increased risk of PPCs based on the ARISCAT score. Secondary outcomes included intraoperative ventilatory management and clinical outcomes. RESULTS A total of 9864 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The incidence of patients at increased risk was 28.4%. The most frequently chosen tidal volume (VT) size was 500 ml, or 7 to 9 ml kg1 predicted body weight, slightly lower in patients at increased risk of PPCs. Levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) were slightly higher in patients at increased risk of PPCs, with 14.3% receiving more than 5 cmH2O PEEP compared with 7.6% in patients at low risk of PPCs (P < 0.001). Patients with a predicted preoperative increased risk of PPCs developed PPCs more frequently: 19 versus 7%, relative risk (RR) 3.16 (95% confidence interval 2.76 to 3.61), P < 0.001) and had longer hospital stays. The only ventilatory factor associated with the occurrence of PPCs was the peak pressure. CONCLUSION The incidence of patients with a predicted increased risk of PPCs is high. A large proportion of patients receive high VT and low PEEP levels. PPCs occur frequently in patients at increased risk, with worse clinical outcome

Epidemiology, practice of ventilation and outcome for patients at increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications: LAS VEGAS - An observational study in 29 countries

BACKGROUND Limited information exists about the epidemiology and outcome of surgical patients at increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs), and how intraoperative ventilation was managed in these patients. OBJECTIVES To determine the incidence of surgical patients at increased risk of PPCs, and to compare the intraoperative ventilation management and postoperative outcomes with patients at low risk of PPCs. DESIGN This was a prospective international 1-week observational study using the ‘Assess Respiratory Risk in Surgical Patients in Catalonia risk score’ (ARISCAT score) for PPC for risk stratification. PATIENTS AND SETTING Adult patients requiring intraoperative ventilation during general anaesthesia for surgery in 146 hospitals across 29 countries. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was the incidence of patients at increased risk of PPCs based on the ARISCAT score. Secondary outcomes included intraoperative ventilatory management and clinical outcomes. RESULTS A total of 9864 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The incidence of patients at increased risk was 28.4%. The most frequently chosen tidal volume (V T) size was 500 ml, or 7 to 9 ml kg−1 predicted body weight, slightly lower in patients at increased risk of PPCs. Levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) were slightly higher in patients at increased risk of PPCs, with 14.3% receiving more than 5 cmH2O PEEP compared with 7.6% in patients at low risk of PPCs (P ˂ 0.001). Patients with a predicted preoperative increased risk of PPCs developed PPCs more frequently: 19 versus 7%, relative risk (RR) 3.16 (95% confidence interval 2.76 to 3.61), P ˂ 0.001) and had longer hospital stays. The only ventilatory factor associated with the occurrence of PPCs was the peak pressure. CONCLUSION The incidence of patients with a predicted increased risk of PPCs is high. A large proportion of patients receive high V T and low PEEP levels. PPCs occur frequently in patients at increased risk, with worse clinical outcome.</p