The Role of Non-Coding RNAs in the Human Placenta

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a central and regulatory role in almost all cells, organs, and species, which has been broadly recognized since the human ENCODE project and several other genome projects. Nevertheless, a small fraction of ncRNAs have been identified, and in the placenta they have been investigated very marginally. To date, most examples of ncRNAs which have been identified to be specific for fetal tissues, including placenta, are members of the group of microRNAs (miRNAs). Due to their quantity, it can be expected that the fairly larger group of other ncRNAs exerts far stronger effects than miRNAs. The syncytiotrophoblast of fetal origin forms the interface between fetus and mother, and releases permanently extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the maternal circulation which contain fetal proteins and RNA, including ncRNA, for communication with neighboring and distant maternal cells. Disorders of ncRNA in placental tissue, especially in trophoblast cells, and in EVs seem to be involved in pregnancy disorders, potentially as a cause or consequence. This review summarizes the current knowledge on placental ncRNA, their transport in EVs, and their involvement and pregnancy pathologies, as well as their potential for novel diagnostic tools

Obtaining the Child Testimony in the Criminal Proceedings

Children fall under the special category of vulnerable witnesses. Children’s vulnerability is the reason that we must approach obtaining the child’s testimony in the criminal proceedings with special attention. It is important to take the child’s testimony as soon as possible and to avoid the repetition of interrogation. The criminal proceedings law and the juvenile court law enable children interrogation through the professional person without the presence of other parties in the procedure and enable the recording of such interrogation by audio-video link which considerably diminish the secondary victimization. The professionals who obtain the testimony must be well acquainted with children’s psychological development. Knowledge of psychological development is of major importance in order to make the quality arrangements for interrogation and to interrogate the child and to achieve positive social contact between the examiner and the examinee and it is also of great importance for the credibility evaluation of the child’s testimony. The adequate way of children interrogation will enable the child to say the correct information and to recognize the perpetrator. The forensic interview is well elaborated and child adapted technique of interrogation. Respecting the rules of forensic interview will enable the child’s testimony on court to be relevant evidence

Varijabilnost svojstava introdukovanih genotipova kvinoje (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

We analyzed variability and influence of investigated factors on grain yield of quinoa during three year period (2009, 2010, 2011). The experiment was conducted at two locations (Nova Pazova and Surduk), using two introduced genotypes of quinoa: KVL 37 and KVL 52. We detected that location and genotype had important impact. Grain yield varied according to years of study (1224 kg/ha to 1671 kg/ha). Results of regression and correlation analysis indicate on variation of the impact of plant height and number of plants per meter on the grain yield. Correlation coefficients were generally low and didn't show as significant. This indicates that these studies included small number of properties that can affect grain yield. In further work with this introduced species, more properties should be included.Analizirana je varijabilnost i uticaj ispitivanih faktora na prinos zrna kvinoje tokom tri godine (2009, 2010, 2011). Ogled je izveden na dve lokacije (Nova Pazova i Surduk) sa dva introdukovana genotipa kvinoje: KVL 37 i KVL 52. Setva je obavljena u aprilu, a žetva u avgustu. Analizirani su: visina biljaka (cm), broj biljaka po dužnom metru i prinos zrna. Konstatovan je značajan uticaj lokacije i genotipa. Prinos zrna varirao je po godinama ispitivanja (1.224 kg/ha do 1.671 kg/ha). Rezultati regresione i koralacione analize ukazuju na variranje uticaja visine biljaka i broja biljaka po dužnom metru na prinos zrna. Koeficijenti korelacija su uglavnom bili niski i nisu ispoljili značajnost. Ovo ukazuje da je u daljim istraživanjima poželjno povećati broj svojstava, koja bi mogla uticati na visinu prinosa

Assembling highly repetitive Xanthomonas TALomes using Oxford Nanopore sequencing

Background: Most plant-pathogenic Xanthomonas bacteria harbor transcription activator-like effector (TALE) genes, which function as transcriptional activators of host plant genes and support infection. The entire repertoire of up to 29 TALE genes of a Xanthomonas strain is also referred to as TALome. The DNA-binding domain of TALEs is comprised of highly conserved repeats and TALE genes often occur in gene clusters, which precludes the assembly of TALE-carrying Xanthomonas genomes based on standard sequencing approaches. Results: Here, we report the successful assembly of the 5 Mbp genomes of five Xanthomonas strains from Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing data. For one of these strains, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) PXO35, we illustrate why Illumina short reads and longer PacBio reads are insufficient to fully resolve the genome. While ONT reads are perfectly suited to yield highly contiguous genomes, they suffer from a specific error profile within homopolymers. To still yield complete and correct TALomes from ONT assemblies, we present a computational correction pipeline specifically tailored to TALE genes, which yields at least comparable accuracy as Illumina-based polishing. We further systematically assess the ONT-based pipeline for its multiplexing capacity and find that, combined with computational correction, the complete TALome of Xoo PXO35 could have been reconstructed from less than 20,000 ONT reads. Conclusions: Our results indicate that multiplexed ONT sequencing combined with a computational correction of TALE genes constitutes a highly capable tool for characterizing the TALomes of huge collections of Xanthomonas strains in the future

Introduction to Molecular genetic diagnostics

Molecular genetic testing is part of modern medical practice. DNA tests are an essential part of diagnostics and genetic counseling in single gene diseases, while their application in polygenic disorders is still limited. Pharmacogenetics studies DNA variants associated with variations in drug efficacy and toxicity, and tests in this field are being developed rapidly. The main method for molecular genetic testing is the polymerase chain reaction, with a number of modifications. New methods, such as next generation sequencing and DNA microarray, should allow simultaneous analysis of a number of genes, even whole genome sequencing. Ethical concerns in molecular genetic testing are very important, along with legislation. After molecular genetic testing, interpretation of results and genetic counseling should be done by professionals. With the example of thrombophilia, we discuss questions about genetic testing, its possibilities and promises

Uticaj suše na prinos zrna kvinoje (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Korišćenje alternativnih žita u ishrani zahteva uvođenje novih biljnih vrsta u proizvodnju kao što su kvinoja, amarantus i druge. Kvinoja (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) se gaji radi zrna, koje je po nutritivnoj vrednosti slično zrnu žita, ali ne sadrži protein gluten. Tokom 2010, 2011. i 2012. godine izvođeni su ogledi sa introdukovanom vrstom kvinoja (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Ogledi su izvedeni u Novoj Pazovi na zemljištu tipa karbonatni černozem sa dva genotipa (KVL 37 i KVL 52). Setva je obavljena u aprilu i žetva u avgustu. Prosečne temperature vazduha u periodu vegetacije (april-septembar) su rasle od prve prema trećoj godini izvođenja ogleda, a količine padavina su značajno opadale. U 2010. ostvaren je prosečan prinos od 1360 kg/ha, a u 2011. godini 1467 kg/ha. U 2012. godini nastupile su veoma visoke temeperature (31-38,4oC) u trajanju od 70 dana i suša u periodu juni-septembar. Ovo je uticalo na veoma značajno smanjenje prinosa zrna, koji je u proseku iznosio 382 kg/ha. Sorta KVL 52 je bila prinosnija u odnosu na KVL 37

Stilski problemi pri prevođenju različitih vrsta tekstova

This thesis comprises five annotated translations, accompanied by a discussion. Excerpts from three books were translated from English into Croatian (Adam Kay’s This Is Going to Hurt Secret Diaries of a Junior Doctor, The Translation of Children's Literature: A Reader edited by Gillian Lathey, and Christopher Mellinger and Thomas Hanson's Quantitative Research Methods in Translation and Interpreting Studies), and two from Croatian into English (Antoni Cetnarowicz’s Narodni preporod u Istri (1860–1907) and Sven Popović’s Uvjerljivo drugi). The discussion focuses on the issue of style and the ways in which it affects the process of translation. Style is a complex yet integral part of any text and, in this thesis, style will be observed through the prism of the functionalist and the cognitive approach. The relationship between translator and style will be discussed in more detail, as well as his or her role in recreating the source text given the restrictions specifically linked to the difference between literary and non-literary texts.Ovaj se diplomski rad sastoji od pet prijevoda koji su popraćeni prevoditeljskim bilješkama i raspravom. S engleskoga na hrvatski jezik prevedeni su ulomci triju tekstova (This Is Going to Hurt Secret Diaries of a Junior Doctor Adama Kaya, The Translation of Children's Literature: A Reader urednice Gillian Lathey i Quantitative Research Methods in Translation and Interpreting Studies Christophera Mellingera i Thomasa Hansona), dok su s hrvatskoga na engleski jezik prevedeni ulomci dvaju tekstova (Narodni preporod u Istri 1860–1907 Antonija Cetnarowicza i Uvjerljivo drugi Svena Popovića). U raspravi se iznosi problematika stila te načini na koje stil utječe na postupak prevođenja. Stil je kompleksan, ali ujedno i sastavan dio svakog teksta te će mu se u ovom radu pristupiti iz perspektive funkcionalističke i kognitivne teorije. Odnos između prevoditelja i stila će se pobliže analizirati kao i uloga prevoditelja u stvaranju novog teksta uzevši u obzir ograničenja na koja nailazi kada je riječ o književnim i neknjiževnim tekstovima

Stilski problemi pri prevođenju različitih vrsta tekstova

This thesis comprises five annotated translations, accompanied by a discussion. Excerpts from three books were translated from English into Croatian (Adam Kay’s This Is Going to Hurt Secret Diaries of a Junior Doctor, The Translation of Children's Literature: A Reader edited by Gillian Lathey, and Christopher Mellinger and Thomas Hanson's Quantitative Research Methods in Translation and Interpreting Studies), and two from Croatian into English (Antoni Cetnarowicz’s Narodni preporod u Istri (1860–1907) and Sven Popović’s Uvjerljivo drugi). The discussion focuses on the issue of style and the ways in which it affects the process of translation. Style is a complex yet integral part of any text and, in this thesis, style will be observed through the prism of the functionalist and the cognitive approach. The relationship between translator and style will be discussed in more detail, as well as his or her role in recreating the source text given the restrictions specifically linked to the difference between literary and non-literary texts.Ovaj se diplomski rad sastoji od pet prijevoda koji su popraćeni prevoditeljskim bilješkama i raspravom. S engleskoga na hrvatski jezik prevedeni su ulomci triju tekstova (This Is Going to Hurt Secret Diaries of a Junior Doctor Adama Kaya, The Translation of Children's Literature: A Reader urednice Gillian Lathey i Quantitative Research Methods in Translation and Interpreting Studies Christophera Mellingera i Thomasa Hansona), dok su s hrvatskoga na engleski jezik prevedeni ulomci dvaju tekstova (Narodni preporod u Istri 1860–1907 Antonija Cetnarowicza i Uvjerljivo drugi Svena Popovića). U raspravi se iznosi problematika stila te načini na koje stil utječe na postupak prevođenja. Stil je kompleksan, ali ujedno i sastavan dio svakog teksta te će mu se u ovom radu pristupiti iz perspektive funkcionalističke i kognitivne teorije. Odnos između prevoditelja i stila će se pobliže analizirati kao i uloga prevoditelja u stvaranju novog teksta uzevši u obzir ograničenja na koja nailazi kada je riječ o književnim i neknjiževnim tekstovima

Stilski problemi pri prevođenju različitih vrsta tekstova

This thesis comprises five annotated translations, accompanied by a discussion. Excerpts from three books were translated from English into Croatian (Adam Kay’s This Is Going to Hurt Secret Diaries of a Junior Doctor, The Translation of Children's Literature: A Reader edited by Gillian Lathey, and Christopher Mellinger and Thomas Hanson's Quantitative Research Methods in Translation and Interpreting Studies), and two from Croatian into English (Antoni Cetnarowicz’s Narodni preporod u Istri (1860–1907) and Sven Popović’s Uvjerljivo drugi). The discussion focuses on the issue of style and the ways in which it affects the process of translation. Style is a complex yet integral part of any text and, in this thesis, style will be observed through the prism of the functionalist and the cognitive approach. The relationship between translator and style will be discussed in more detail, as well as his or her role in recreating the source text given the restrictions specifically linked to the difference between literary and non-literary texts.Ovaj se diplomski rad sastoji od pet prijevoda koji su popraćeni prevoditeljskim bilješkama i raspravom. S engleskoga na hrvatski jezik prevedeni su ulomci triju tekstova (This Is Going to Hurt Secret Diaries of a Junior Doctor Adama Kaya, The Translation of Children's Literature: A Reader urednice Gillian Lathey i Quantitative Research Methods in Translation and Interpreting Studies Christophera Mellingera i Thomasa Hansona), dok su s hrvatskoga na engleski jezik prevedeni ulomci dvaju tekstova (Narodni preporod u Istri 1860–1907 Antonija Cetnarowicza i Uvjerljivo drugi Svena Popovića). U raspravi se iznosi problematika stila te načini na koje stil utječe na postupak prevođenja. Stil je kompleksan, ali ujedno i sastavan dio svakog teksta te će mu se u ovom radu pristupiti iz perspektive funkcionalističke i kognitivne teorije. Odnos između prevoditelja i stila će se pobliže analizirati kao i uloga prevoditelja u stvaranju novog teksta uzevši u obzir ograničenja na koja nailazi kada je riječ o književnim i neknjiževnim tekstovima

Obtaining the Child Testimony in the Criminal Proceedings

Children fall under the special category of vulnerable witnesses. Children’s vulnerability is the reason that we must approach obtaining the child’s testimony in the criminal proceedings with special attention. It is important to take the child’s testimony as soon as possible and to avoid the repetition of interrogation. The criminal proceedings law and the juvenile court law enable children interrogation through the professional person without the presence of other parties in the procedure and enable the recording of such interrogation by audio-video link which considerably diminish the secondary victimization. The professionals who obtain the testimony must be well acquainted with children’s psychological development. Knowledge of psychological development is of major importance in order to make the quality arrangements for interrogation and to interrogate the child and to achieve positive social contact between the examiner and the examinee and it is also of great importance for the credibility evaluation of the child’s testimony. The adequate way of children interrogation will enable the child to say the correct information and to recognize the perpetrator. The forensic interview is well elaborated and child adapted technique of interrogation. Respecting the rules of forensic interview will enable the child’s testimony on court to be relevant evidence