The reading club "Transformation" of the Pula City library and reading room– an example of good practice in the inclusion of people with psychosocial difficulties

Suvremene narodne knjižnice sve više preuzimaju obrazovnu i društvenu ulogu, no inkluzija osoba sa psihosocijalnim poteškoćama u njima dosad nije sustavno proučavana. Ovaj rad analizira doprinos čitateljskog kluba „Preobražaj“ iz Pule, koji kroz književnost i kreativne radionice pruža podršku marginaliziranim i stigmatiziranim osobama. Rad istražuje kako knjižnice mogu potaknuti razvoj čitalačkih navika, međuljudske odnose i aktivno sudjelovanje osoba iz marginaliziranih skupina. Teorijski dio obuhvaća povijesti ulogu čitateljskih klubova te važnost knjižnica kao prostora inkluzije. Praktični dio temelji se na studiji slučaja kluba „Preobražaj“, koji kroz biblioterapiju stvara prostor za dijalog i ja ča osjećaj pripadnosti te kognitivne i socijalne vještine. Rad potvrđuje da čitateljski klubovi mogu imati ključnu ulogu u inkluziji zajednice te predstavlja „Preobražaj“ kao model dobre prakse za slične programe u narodnim knjižnicama diljem Hrvatske.Modern public libraries are increasingly taking on an educational and social role, but the inclusion of people with psychosocial disabilities has so far not been systematically studied. This paper analyses the contribution of the reading Club “transformation” from Pula, which provides support to marginalised and stigmatized persons through literature and creative workshops. The paper explores how libraries can encourage the development of reading habits, interpersonal relations and active participation of people from marginalised groups. The theoretical part includes the history and role of reading clubs and the importance of libraries as an area of inclusion. The practical part is based on the case study of the “transformation” club, which through bibliotherapy creates room for dialogue and strengthens the sense of belonging and cognitive and social skills. The paper confirms that reading clubs can play a key role in the inclusion of the community and represents a “transformation” as a model of good practice for similar programs in public libraries throughout Croatia

The concept of suffering (dukkha) in early Buddhism

Buddhizam, kao prvenstveno etičko učenje, pojavio se na prijelazu iz šestog u peto stoljeće prije nove ere, na sjeveroistoku indijskog potkontinenta. Ime je dobio po epitetu buddha (hrv. probuđeni), kojim se oslovljavalo njegovog utemeljitelja Siddhartu Gautmu. On je sam isticao da njegov nauk razotkriva i prilagođava stare puteve ljudskog spoznavanja. Potaknut vlastitom iskustvenom spoznajom, Buddha temelji svoju prvu propovijed (dhammacakkappavattana sutta) na nauku o četiri plemenite istine (cattāri ariyasaccāni), u čijoj srži leži koncept patnje, u koji je uronjena cijela ljudska egzistencija. S obzirom na to da Buddha gleda na svijet kao na neprekidnu struju promjenjivih pojava, koje za temelj nemaju ništa postojano, i da za njega postoji jasnoća o tome da svaka, pa i najveća ugoda jednom ide svome kraju, on promatra život kao patnju (dukkha). Patnja se poistovjećuje sa prolaznošću, zato što čovjek želi ono što je nestalno, promjenjivo i propadljivo. Prema tome, želja (kāma) je ta koje uzrukuje patnju. Kako svi činioci postojanja nastaju da bi opet nestali, oni su bez “sopstva”, tj. bez postojana i samostojnog bitka (anattā). Buddha poriče postojanje ātmana, te kao konačni cilj ističe konačno utrnuće i ugasnuće (nibbāna), govoreći da je u oslobođenju od ovozemljskog života i prestanku želje, koja vodi do uzastopnih prerađanja, jedini spas. Cilj ovog rada je, iz perspektive indijske filozofije, obuhvatiti upravo taj koncept patnje, iznesen u ranom buddhizmu, kroz nauk o četiri plemenite istine.Buddhism, as primarily an ethical teaching, appeared at the turn of the sixth to fifth century BC, in the northeast of the Indian subcontinent. It got its name from the epithet buddha (Croatian: awakened), which was used to address its founder Siddharta Gautma. He himself emphasized that his teaching exposes and adjusts the old ways of human cognition. Inspired by his own experiential knowledge, the Buddha bases his first sermon (dhammacakkappavattana sutta) on the doctrine of the four noble truths (cattāri ariyasaccāni), at the core of which lies the concept of suffering, in which the entire human existence is immersed. Given that the Buddha sees the world as a continuous stream of changing phenomena, which have nothing permanent as a foundation, and that for him there is clarity that every, even the greatest pleasure comes to an end, he views life as suffering (dukkha). Suffering is identified with transience, because man wants what is impermanent, changeable and perishable. Therefore, it is desire (kāma) that causes suffering. As all factors of existence arise only to disappear again, they are without "self", i.e. without constant and independent battle (anattā). The Buddha denies the existence of ātman, and as the final goal points out final numbness and extinction (nibbāna), saying that the only salvation lies in liberation from earthly life and the cessation of desire, which leads to successive rebirths. The aim of this paper is, from the perspective of Indian philosophy, to encompass precisely this concept of suffering, presented in early Buddhism, through the doctrine of the four noble truths

Provenance, genres and readers of the Florentine Miscellany

Firentinski zbornik je hrvatski latinički rukopisni kodeks koji se čuva u knjižnici Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana u Firenci (sign Ashb. 1582). Za znanost ga je otkrio Carlo Verdiani, koji ga je pripisao Marku Maruliću. Zbog prijeporne Verdianijeve atribucije rukopisa kanonskome autoru, rukopis je prepoznat kao potencijalno važnan izvor tekstova starije hrvatske književnosti. Iako ova disertacija odbacije Verdianijevu atribuciju, Firentinski zbornik predstavlja kao važno vrelo za poznavanje duhovnosti, devocionalnih praksi i književnoga ukusa u ženskim samostanima. Često obraćanje kazivača ženskome adresatu koji se naziva sestricom u Kristu pokazuje da su redovnice ciljana publika pisara najstarijega dijela zbornika, kompilacije žanrovski različitih hagiografskih i teoloških tekstova u kojima se često miješaju proza i stih. Slijed tema u starijemu dijelu zbornika prati liturgijsku godinu, što pokazuje da je sastavljač radio planski, za razliku od mnogih pisara koji su građu prepisivali nasumično, a određena se nesustavnost zapaža i u mlađemu dijelu Firentinskog zbornika, koji sadrži propovijedi koje se nižu bez razvidnoga organizacijskoga načela. Nasuprot pretpostavkama da je zbornik iz Splita, pokazujem da je nastao u Zadru, o čemu svjedoče izravni spomeni Zadra te zapisivanje Života sv. Šimuna, jednog od gradskih zaštitnika. Nadalje, zbornik je pripadao zbirci rukopisa zadarskoga benediktinskog samostana sv. Marije, čije su ga redovnice obogatile dodatnim propovijedima. Ipak, najstariji dio rukopisa sastavio je dominikanac, možda za dominikanke. Mnogi tekstovi iz najstarijega dijela zbornika temelje se na latinskim i talijanskim izvorima, isključivo djelima dominikanaca kao što su Alberto da Castello, Gabriel de Barletta i Johannes Herolt. Osim toga, zbornik sadrži život dominikanskoga sveca Vinka Fererskoga i mirakul koji promiče dominikansku inačicu krunice. Revidirana je datacija zbornika u kraj 15. ili početak 16. st. Budući da njegov stariji dio donosi nekoliko tekstova prevedenih iz djela Rosario della gloriosa Vergine Maria Alberta da Castella, prvi put objavljenog 1521. godine, zbornik se treba datirati nakon toga datuma.The Florentine Miscellany, kept in the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana in Florence (shelfmark Ashb. 1582), is a Croatian manuscript codex written in Latin script. Carlo Verdiani discovered it in the 1950s and attributed it to Marko Marulić. Due to Verdiani’s controversial attribution of the MS to a canonical author, it gained recognition as a potentially significant repository of Croatian premodern literary texts. While this thesis rejects Verdiani’s attribution, it presents the understudied MS as a valuable source for understanding nuns’ spiritual life, devotional practices, and literary tastes. Frequent invocations of a female addressee, called a beloved sister in Christ, indicate that nuns were the intended audience of the oldest portion of the MS, which contains a mix of hagiographical and theological genres and frequently alternates between verse and prose. The progression of the themes in that part of the MS follows the liturgical calendar, which indicates that the creator worked with a plan, unlike many other scribes who compiled the material haphazardly. The unsystematic compiling approach is visible in the sermons from the later portion of this MS. While it has been usually assumed that the MS originates from Split, I argue that it was produced in Zadar, which can be inferred from specific references to Zadar and the inclusion of The Life of St. Simeon, one of the city’s patrons. Furthermore, the MS once belonged to the Zaratine Benedictine monastery of St. Mary, whose nuns have augmented it with several sermons. The oldest portion of the MS was probably written by a Dominican friar, perhaps for Dominican nuns. Many of his texts rely on Latin and Italian sources, all authored by Dominicans such as Alberto da Castello, Gabriele de Barletta, and Johannes Herolt. Additionally, the MS contains The Life of St. Vincent Ferrer, a Dominican saint, and a miracle promoting the Dominican version of the Rosary. The dating of the MS, usually set at the end of the 15th or the beginning of the 16th century, has been revised. Considering that the older part of the MS incorporates several texts translated from Alberto da Castello’s Rosario della gloriosa Vergine Maria, first published in 1521, it is undoubtedly several decades younger than previously thought

The Rise and Development of Mathematical Astronomy in Seleucid Babylon

U ovom je radu prikazan kontekst nastanka i razvoja matematičke astronomije u seleukidskom Babilonu. Prvi dio rada obuhvaća uvod u temu, metodološki okvir, kratki osvrt na povijest istraživanja i izvore. U drugom dijelu rada sažeto se opisuju povijesni događaji koji su utjecali na matematičku astronomiju i astronomsku djelatnost. Opisuju se položaj i dužnosti astronoma, te hram kao centar astronomske djelatnosti. Daje se kratki pregled razvoja astronomskog predviđanja, te se osnovni koncepti i metode matematičke astronomije ilustriraju na primjeru Jupitera. Naposlijetku analizira cirkulacija babilonskog astronomskog znanja u vrijeme helenizma.This paper presents the context of the emergence and development of mathematical astronomy in Seleucid Babylon. The first part of the paper includes an introduction to the topic, the methodological framework, a brief overview of the history of research, and sources. The second part concisely describes the historical events that influenced mathematical astronomy and astronomical activity. It discusses the role and duties of astronomers, as well as the temple as the center of astronomical activity. A brief overview of the development of astronomical prediction is provided, and the fundamental concepts and methods of mathematical astronomy are illustrated using the example of Jupiter. Finally, the paper analyzes the circulation of Babylonian astronomical knowledge during the Hellenistic period

Pogled u rumunjsku sintaksu: zavisna rečenica

Rečenicu shvaćamo kao entitet izgrađen oko glagolske jezgre predikata aktualizirane subjektom, kojem pripadaju svi funkcionalni elementi podređeni neposredno ili posredno glagolskoj jezgri. Bilo koji od tih funkcionalnih elemenata, osim same glagolske jezgre predikata, može biti zamijenjen rečeničnim entitetom, nečim što je i samo rečenica. Subordinatori odražavaju bit nastanka zavisnih rečenica, bit procesa subordinacije. Subordinatori, kao i druga obilježja rumunjskih zavisnih rečenica, promotreni su u okvirima Ramanije. Ponuđen je način kvantificiranja uočenih razlika između rumunjskog i drugih romanskih idioma, kao i dijakronijsko tumačenje današnjeg stanja u rumunjskim zavisnim rečenicama. Rumunjski se, možemo zaključiti, prema odabranom kriteriju, procesu subordinacije i svojstvima zavisnih rečenica, unatoč specifičnostima bitno ne razlikuje od većine romanskih idioma

Croatian Teachers’ Strategies for Reducing EFL Students’ Foreign Language Anxiety

This Master's thesis explores foreign language anxiety (FLA) in the context of EFL learners and teachers in Croatia. FLA is a significant challenge in language classrooms around the world for various reasons. Firstly, it negatively affects learners psychologically and physically. Secondly, if it is not addressed properly, it may also hinder learners’ school performance and ultimate foreign language acquisition. Furthermore, research has found that FLA often remains a lifelong problem. This is why it is essential that teachers have a good understanding of this problem and strategies they may use to help their students. While extensive research has been done on the topic of FLA, there is a gap in research on this topic from the perspective of EFL teachers in Croatia. Therefore, this thesis addresses two research questions: (1) whether Croatian EFL teachers are aware of the issue of FLA and its negative role in language learning, and (2) which strategies, if any, Croatian EFL teachers use to reduce FLA in their students. The results show that Croatian EFL teachers are mostly aware of what FLA is and how it affects students. The results also show that Croatian EFL teachers employ an array of different evidence-based strategies to help students reduce their FLA.Ovaj diplomski rad istražuje strah od stranoga jezika u kontekstu učenika i nastavnika engleskoga kao stranoga jezika u Hrvatskoj. Strah od stranoga jezika značajan je problem u učionicama stranih jezika diljem svijeta iz nekoliko razloga. Prvo, on negativno utječe na učenike psihološki i fizički. Drugo, ako mu se ne pristupi na odgovarajući način, on također može omesti školski uspjeh učenika i njihovo konačno usvajanje stranoga jezika. Nadalje, istraživanja su pokazala da strah od stranoga jezika često ostaje cjeloživotni problem. Stoga je od ključne važnosti da nastavnici dobro razumiju ovaj problem i strategije koje mogu koristiti kako bi pomogli svojim učenicima. Iako su provedena mnoga istraživanja o strahu od stranoga jezika, postoji manjak istraživanja ove teme iz perspektive nastavnika engleskoga jezika u Hrvatskoj. Stoga se u ovom diplomskom radu bavimo dvama istraživačkim pitanjima: (1.) jesu li hrvatski nastavnici engleskoga jezika svjesni problema straha od stranoga jezika i njegove negativne uloge u učenju jezika, te (2.) koje strategije, ako ikoje, hrvatski nastavnici engleskoga jezika primjenjuju kako bi umanjili strah od stranoga jezika kod svojih učenika. Rezultati pokazuju da su hrvatski nastavnici engleskog jezika uglavnom svjesni problema straha od stranoga jezika i načina na koje on utječe na učenike. Rezultati također pokazuju da hrvatski nastavnici engleskoga jezika koriste različite, dokazano učinkovite strategije kako bi pomogli učenicima da umanje svoj strah od stranoga jezika

Cultural aspects of public events on the island of Rab from the end of the 18th until the beginning of the 20th century

U ovome se radu na temelju arhivskih zapisa i dokumenata razmatraju javne manifestacije koje su se odvijale na otoku Rabu u razdoblju od 1797. godine do prvih desetljeća 20. stoljeća. Kao reprezentacije kolektivnog identiteta, promatraju se kao svojevrstan narativ o lokalnoj, rapskoj zajednici i njezinoj kulturi. S obzirom na motiv organiziranja, manifestacije se dijeli u nekoliko skupina. Najbrojnije su vjerske svečanosti. Organiziraju ih članovi Katoličke Crkve, slijede rimokatoličku liturgiju ili pak slave posebne vjerničke prilike. Političke proslave organiziraju nositelji vlasti, a njima se komemoriraju značajni trenutci političke prošlosti lokalne, etničke, nacionalne i/ili državne zajednice. Narodne zabave obuhvaćaju svečane prilike spontano ili planski organizirane u svrhu veselja i razbibrige cjelokupnog stanovništva. Sve te redovito ili izvanredno održavane manifestacije sudjelovale su u prijenosu kolektivnoga pamćenja. Bile su mjesta okupljanja na kojima je zajednica uspostavljala društvene odnose, reprezentirala određene vrijednosti i nazore te svjedočila vlastitu pripadnost. Na taj se način tijekom brojnih mijena, odnosno novih društveno-političkih i administrativnih okolnosti koje su zahvatile otok u razdoblju 19. i 20. stoljeća, javnim svečanostima i manifestacijama nastavljao, izražavao, prenosio, ali i proizvodio te izgrađivao sasvim nov kulturni identitet rapske zajednice.The period from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century in European and Croatian history is characterized by significant social and political upheavals, conflicts, and political changes resulting from the mutual balancing of forces and the confrontation of the great European powers. Significant were the internal turmoil and political changes in the Habsburg Monarchy itself, and on its edge, in Dalmatia, these processes were also felt, including the island of Rab. After centuries of belonging to the Republic of Venice, where the islanders lived within a relatively stable and established social order and state system, with the fall of Venice, in Campoformi, the island of Rab was peacefully assigned to the Austrian Empire as part of the province of Dalmatia. Already in the first decades of the 19th century, there were many socio-political changes. After a short period under Austrian rule, Rab became part of several states (Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy, then the Illyrian provinces, and again the Austrian Empire). Accordingly, the centers of governance (Milan, Ljubljana, Trieste, Zadar, and Vienna), political arrangements, administrative structures, and legal and administrative regulations are changing. Consequently, the previous social hierarchy is being destroyed. Equally, the cultural climate is changing, as are the attitudes and opinions within the Rab community. These changes are primarily reflected in the cultural identity of the community itself. The island's entry into the French Empire reorganized its territorial and politicaladministrative organization and management structure. The new laws abolish the hitherto immanent and unquestionable nobility of island councilors and even prohibit their association in the governing Great Council. The civil rights of the entire population are equalized, and there are no longer privileged social classes. Representatives of the rural population also get the right to participate in the newly established administration of the island. The changes significantly affect the religious life of the islanders. Almost overnight, Napoleon's decree abolished significant lay associations - brotherhoods, which until then were the bearers of cultural, social, spiritual and charitable life on the island and provided a common spiritual meaning and security of life to its numerous members. Numerous privileges of the Catholic Church are abolished, the method of their financing is changed, and church property is looted. Some monasteries are closed, and a ban on the ordination of new Glagolitic priests has been announced. The religious calendar is also experiencing revolutionary changes as many traditional holidays with accompanying vigils are being canceled in order to encourage the population to work. All of this creates great unrest and insecurity among the islanders, as evidenced in Rab's chronicles and various archival documents. Despite the population's expectations, the Austrian Empire did not abolish the essential legal innovations of the French administration, but it continued with reforms. After almost thirteen centuries of continuous activity, in 1828, the Diocese of Rab, one of the oldest dioceses in the Croatian historical area, was abolished due to these reforms. With the abolition of the diocese subordinate to the Zadar archdiocese, the island of Rab begins to be connected to the northern ones instead of the previous southern regions, and the center of church administration is moved from Dalmatia to Gorica. In the reform of the municipal administration, thousand-year-old Rab properties are separated from Rab's jurisdiction. Lun and Novalja are administratively attached to Pag, and during the first half of the 19th century, the town/island of Pag became superior to Rab. During a sixteen-year period, the inhabitants of Rab were subjected to magistrates centered in Pag. All political changes significantly affect the daily life of the Rab community. The pressure of new socio-political circumstances, especially new laws, led to the collapse and significant changes in their activity patterns. The perception of the selfidentity of the 19th -century Rab man is reconstructed under new, changed features. In the changed circumstances, public events as collective rituals and community representation of the former Rab commune and then the Rab municipality, participate in the transfer of collective memory and assume one of the prominent roles in continuing but also building an entirely new identity of the island of Rab and its population. Based on archival documents (stored primarily in the archives of the parish of Rab, the archives of the monastery of St. Bernardine of Siena in Kampor, and the State Archives in Rijeka) consisting of letters, chronicles, statutes, minutes, liturgies, mass announcements, sermons, hymnals, proclamations, decisions, notices, reports, lists, accounts, as well as private diary entries and narrations and photographs, this paper describes, reconstructs and critically covers public events and ceremonial rituals as complex social practices in the Rab community in the period after the abolition of the nobility and the diocese, i.e. in the period from the end of the 18th to the first decades of the 20th century. After reviewing all regular or exceptional events on the island of Rab, their elements are analyzed and described, especially the records created as part of the festivities, leading to or reacting to them. In doing so, a modern approach to culturalhistorical, philological, and cultural anthropological science is used. Different aspects of these events are presented using cultural anthropology. Based on public events, the transmission of collective memory is considered, as well as the construction of the cultural identity of the Rab community in the same period. Events (collective rituals of the community) represent collective identity and are thus viewed in this paper as a narrative about the local Rab community and its culture. Of particular interest are the data on the susceptibility to changes in the rules, regulations, and protocols of the events themselves, which occur due to the shift in the countries to which the island belongs. Abolishing or banning certain events due to the aforementioned socio-political circumstances is also considered. Also, the research deals with the observation, description, and critical processing of new events, that is, those established in new socio-political circumstances. Events are divided into three major groups according to the motive of their organization, namely religious ceremonies, political celebrations, and folk parties. Religious festivities occur during certain religious holidays or extraordinary religious occasions and include celebrations of Catholic traditions and rituals, given that almost all Rab believers were Catholics. The Catholic clergy or associations of believers organized these most numerous events. Based on the records created before, during or after the event, the following religious ceremonies are analyzed in particular: the celebration of Sunday, the ordination of new priests, the folk missions (holy missions), ceremonies during Lent and Easter, Christmas caroling and customs, the Feast of Corpus Christi, Marian festivities (Križi1 , The Assumption of Mary, The Birth of the Virgin Mary), processions, the days of St. Christopher, the days of the patron saints of Rab parishes, the Feast of the Holy Weeping Cross, holidays of St. Joseph, St. Marin, St. Mark, St. Jerome and St. Anthony, prayer ceremonies for the church leaders (popes), ceremonies of brotherhoods, crusaders and other religious associations, and the celebration of the Holy or Jubilee year (1933). At political ceremonies and celebrations, people gather to celebrate national holidays or commemorate moments from the community's political past, both local and broader – ethnic, national, and/or state. Their initiators and organizers were the holders of power, that is, the island's administration, both on their own initiative and by order of higher authorities. Based on various records, the paper examines the following political events: celebrations during the change of government and the arrival of new administration, celebrations of the glorification of the French conquerors, celebrations during the second Austrian rule, public events during which national consciousness is expressed (the anniversary of the Battle of Vis, the anniversary of the death of P. Zrinski and F. K. Frankopan, the activities of the Hrvatski Sokol and Jugoslavenski Sokol societies), the reception of famous personalities during their visit to the island (Austrian Archduke Franz Karl, Emperor Franz Joseph I in 1875, Archduke Salvator of Austria, Yugoslav Queen Maria Karađorđević, protocol for the welcoming of King Alexander I Karađorđević in 1925, British King Edward VIII), celebrations during the Italian occupation of the island and political events organized on Rab in the South Slavic communities (celebration of the liberation from the Italian occupation, the anniversary of unification into the Yugoslav state, celebration of the ruling royal dynasty, organized destruction of monuments of previous states, political rallies of the H(R)SS with the guest appearance of Stjepan Radić, the celebration of the thousandth anniversary of the Kingdom of Croatia (1925), the celebration of the hundredth anniversary of Lijepa naša and the Croatian national revival). Folk parties, along with religious and political ones, are the third type of public events discussed in more detail in this paper. These are traditional and/or informal customs of gathering and celebration organized to entertain and cheer up the entire 1 Meaning 'crosses' in Croatian. island population, either spontaneously or planned. The paper examines the festive folk costume as well as the hairstyles of the rural population, the singing of folk songs, the tanac dance (šutanje) alongside the folk instrument called mih, carnival dances and processions (beli maškari) during the carnival. With the development of tourism, folk entertainment in considerable measure became cultural and tourist events, so in the first half of the 20th century, many European orchestras, opera singers and illusionists performed on Rab, and the newly-founded societies such as the Red Cross, the Adriatic Guard, the Civil Music and Sokol organized their own shows. Apart from the "external" elements of the events, the inner meanings invisible to the naked eye gave whole meaning to the festivities. According to them, religious, political, and/or universal public festivities were witnesses of the islanders' affiliation and commitment to particular views, beliefs, and "higher" goals. Public ceremonies are carriers of the collective memory of the Rab community, that is, the places where that community gathered. Events transfer knowledge and experience accumulated for generations. In them, the community transmits and (re)presents specific values and, by establishing social relations, proves its own sense of belonging. In this way, the community constantly creates, secures, and reproduces its cultural identity through public ceremonies. By analyzing the records of the events, this paper consequently shows how Rab's society changed during the researched period, more precisely, its cultural identity. While at the end of the 18th century, it functioned as an old medieval communal society, throughout the 19th century (thanks mainly to tourism and better transport connections, as well as broader provincial, national, and European trends) and even more so in the first half of the 20th century, forms of a new civil society develop on the island of Rab. The changes slowly affected the rural population as well. The new form of events and entertainment of the first half of the 20th century, especially between the two world wars, reflects the new, changed identity of the modern community in Rab. In conclusion, it can be said that from the end of the 18th century to the first decades of the 20th century, the people of Rab appropriately marked and celebrated significant socio-political events, as well as those related to religious and church life, participating in specific political protocols, various religious ceremonies or folk parties. The public events, as collective solemn rites, ceremonies and celebrations, were the stronghold on which the cultural memory of that community was transmitted. They acted as carriers of the meaning and values of its members and were extremely important for its (re)presentation. They testified to the membership of the members of that community, their views, and established social relations. During all the sociopolitical changes and new circumstances in which the island of Rab found itself, the cultural identity of the Rab community was expressed, transmitted, and produced through ceremonies

Indigenous Cults in the Croatian part of the Province Pannonia

Autohtoni kultovi u hrvatskom dijelu provincije Panonije uključuju mnogobrojna božanstva rijeka, šuma i pašnjaka te izvora tople vode. Navedena božanstva se pripisuju panonskim i ilirskim narodima, a kasnije njihovo štovanje preuzimaju Rimljani. Najpoznatije i najviše zastupljeno autohtono božanstvo je Silvan i njegove pratiteljice silvane. Velika količina spomenika pripisuje se i nimfama s područja Varaždinskih Toplica. Autohtoni kultovi su u velikoj mjeri nepoznati zbog sinkretizacije s rimskim božanstvima i gubitka originalnih svojstava. Potrebna su daljnja istraživanja i objave pronađenih spomenika kako bi se autohtoni kultovi mogli u potpunosti istražiti.Indigenous cults in the Croatian part of the province of Pannonia include numerous deities of rivers, forests, pastures and hot water springs. The aforementioned deities are attributed to the Pannonian and Illyrian peoples and were later accepted by the Romans. The best-known and most widely represented indigenous deity is Silvanus and his companions Silvane. A large number of monuments can also be attributed to Nymphs from Varaždinske Toplice. Indigenous cults remain largely unknown due to syncretization with Roman deities and the loss of their original characteristics. Further research and publication of found monuments is needed which would enable complete research of indigenous cults

Digital collections and their role in European national libraries

Ovaj diplomski rad bavi se ulogom i značajem digitalnih zbirki u europskim nacionalnim knjižnicama, s posebnim naglaskom na analizu zbirki Nacionalne i sveučilišne knjižnice u Zagrebu, Britanske knjižnice i Austrijske nacionalne knjižnice. Kroz rad se istražuju procesi digitalizacije, koji uključuju odabir građe, obradu, kontrolu kvalitete, zaštitu, pohranu te održavanje digitalnog sadržaja. Cilj rada je utvrditi kako odabrane knjižnice pristupaju digitalizaciji, te koje su sličnosti i razlike u njihovim praksama s obzirom na uporabljivost sučelja, kvalitetu zbirki i usluga te izvedbu sustava. U uvodnom dijelu definirani su osnovni pojmovi i koraci digitalizacije, a naglašene su prednosti i izazovi, poput očuvanja građe i povećane dostupnosti naspram visokih troškova i problema autorskih prava. Poseban je fokus stavljen na evaluaciju korisničkog iskustva prema kriterijima pristupačnosti, pretraživanja i kvalitete materijala. U analitičkom dijelu predstavljeni su rezultati istraživanja, koji ukazuju na različite strategije i stupnjeve digitalizacije među knjižnicama, uzimajući u obzir i povijesne, kulturne i tehničke čimbenike. Zaključak sintetizira glavne nalaze i naglašava važnost daljnje digitalne modernizacije za očuvanje i širenje kulturne baštine u digitalnom dobu.This thesis addresses the role and significance of digital collections in European national libraries, with a particular focus on analyzing the collections of the National and University Library in Zagreb, the British Library, and the Austrian National Library. The paper explores the digitization processes, which include the selection of material, processing, quality control, protection, storage, and maintenance of digital content. The aim of the study is to determine how the selected libraries approach digitization and to identify similarities and differences in their practices with regard to interface usability, collection quality and services, and system performance. The introductory section defines the basic concepts and steps of digitization, highlighting its advantages and challenges, such as the preservation of materials and increased accessibility versus high costs and copyright issues. Special emphasis is placed on evaluating the user experience based on criteria of accessibility, search functionality, and material quality. The analytical part presents the research findings, pointing out different strategies and levels of digitization among libraries, considering historical, cultural, and technical factors. The conclusion synthesizes the main findings and emphasizes the importance of continued digital modernization for the preservation and dissemination of cultural heritage in the digital age

Analysis of Rhetoric and Nonverbal Communication of Melodifestivalen hosts

Melodifestivalen är ett av Sveriges största tv-program och en viktig plattform för musik och underhållning. Programledarna spelar en central roll i att skapa stämning och engagemang hos publiken genom sin retorik och icke-verbala kommunikation. Detta examensarbete analyserar hur två olika programledare, Petra Mede och Sanna Nielsen, använder retoriska strategier och kroppsspråk för att kommunicera med tittarna. Analysen baseras på teorier om retorik (Aristoteles ethos, logos och pathos) samt icke-verbal kommunikation med stöd av forskning från Dimbleby & Burton, Moore, Hickson & Stacks samt Pease & Pease, med fokus på ansiktsuttryck, gester och proxemik. Resultaten visar att varje programledare anpassar sitt sätt att tala och röra sig beroende på sin personlighet och publikens förväntningar. Deras olika strategier påverkar hur de uppfattas av tittarna och bidrar till dynamiken i Melodifestivalen. Examensarbetet belyser hur retorik och kroppsspråk tillsammans formar en programledares framgång och genomslag i ett stort tv-evenemang.Melodifestivalen jedan je od najvećih i najgledanijih televizijskih sadržaja u Švedskoj, služeći pritom kao značajna platforma za glazbu i zabavu. U ovom radu analizirana je uloga voditeljica, Petre Mede i Sanne Nielsen, u oblikovanju atmosfere i uspostavljanju interakcije s publikom kroz retoričke strategije i neverbalnu komunikaciju. Analiza se temelji na Aristotelovim principima ethosa, logosa i pathosa, kao i na ključnim elementima neverbalnog izražavanja poput mimike, gesti i proksemije, oslanjajući se na teorijske uvide autora Dimblebyja i Burtona, Moore, Hicksona i Stacksa te Peasea i Pease. Analizirana su dva različita stila voditeljica, pri čemu je uočeno da svaka od njih prilagođava svoj verbalni i neverbalni izraz ovisno o vlastitoj osobnosti i očekivanjima gledatelja. Rezultati pokazuju da obrađene strategije utječu na percepciju publike i pridonose dinamičnosti i sveukupnom dojmu programa, dok sam završni rad ističe važnost sinergije između retorike i neverbalne komunikacije u postizanju uspjeha voditelja na velikim televizijskim događajima.Melodifestivalen is one of Sweden's largest television shows and an important platform for music and entertainment. The presenters play a central role in creating atmosphere and engagement with the audience through their rhetoric and non-verbal communication. This study analyses how two different presenters, Petra Mede and Sanna Nielsen, use rhetorical strategies and body language to communicate with the viewers. The analysis is based on theories of rhetoric (Aristotle's ethos, logos and pathos) as well as non-verbal communication, drawing on the work of Dimbleby & Burton, Moore, Hickson & Stacks, and Pease & Pease, with a focus on facial expressions, gestures and proxemics. The results show that each presenter adapts their way of speaking and moving depending on their personality and the audience's expectations. Their different strategies affect how they are perceived by the viewers and contribute to the dynamics of Melodifestivalen. The study highlights how rhetoric and body language together shape a presenter's success and impact in a major television event