REAKCIJA POTOMSTVA IZ SJEMENSKIH SASTOJINA OBIČNE SMREKE (Picea abies(L.) H. Karst.) TESTIRANIH U NA RAZLIČITIM STANIŠTIMA

The aim of this study was to analyse the response of 33 seed stand progenies of Norway spruce, originating from the Romanian Carpathians, in terms of growth and wood characteristics, in trials located inside (Brețcu and Gurghiu) and outside (Avrig and Câmpina) of their natural distribution. Thirty years after planting, measurements were performed for the following traits: total height (TH), average volume per tree (AV/T), radial increment (RI), latewood percentage (LP) and conventional wood density (CWD). Correlation coefficients between the evaluated traits, on one hand, and the geographical coordinates (latitude, longitude and altitude) and ecophysiological latitude of seed stands origin, on the other, were also determined. ANOVA revealed significant (P < 0.01) differences among populations for all traits, with the exception of RI, suggesting that it is possible to make a selection at the populations level. Generally, the most valuable populations for TH and RI originate from Eastern and Western Carpathians. High values for LP were recorded mainly for populations originating from Eastern Carpathians. Compared to the two trials installed inside the natural range, the values for RI, TH and AV/T diminished only in one of the two tests installed outside the natural range (Câmpina), but the value for CWD increased. This pattern of expression of traits in the two trials located outside the natural range was explained by the different climatic conditions in two areas: the thermo-pluviometric factor in May-September period (TPV-IX) is 25.3 in Avrig, and only of 21.7 in Campina trial. On the other hand, on overall and in all the Carpathians branches, for latewood proportion there was a significant decrease (P<0.001) in the two tests outside the natural range. Significant interaction (P<0.001) between population and site trial was found for RI, TH, LP and AV/T. At the same time, the traits analyzed showed low intensity correlations between their values in the four trials and geographical location (altitude, latitude, longitude and ecophysiological latitude) of seed sources origin. The IUFRO standard provenance (Moldoviţa) was one of the most valuable population for the ensemble of all trials. The results of this study allowed the identification of the best populations in each trial that can be used to establish new plantations in similar ecological conditions.Cilj istraživannja bila je analiza reakcije 33 sjemenske sastojine obične smreke, iz područja rumunjskih Karpata, s obzirom na rast i karakteristike drva na pokusnim plohama smještenim unutar (Breþcu i Gurghiu) i izvan njihove prirodne rasprostranjenosti (Avrig i Câmpina) (sl. 1). Trideset godina nakon sadnje izvršena su mjerenja sljedećih značajki: ukupna visina (UV), prosječni volumen po stablu (PV/S), radijalni prirast (RP), postotak kasnog drva (PKD) i standardna gustoća drva (SGD). Utvrđeni su i koeficijenti korelacije između ispitanih pokusnih ploha i zemljopisnih obilježja sastojina. ANOVA je otkrila značajne (P < 0.01) razlike između biljnih zajednica svih pokusnih ploha, uz iznimku radijalnog prirasta (RP), što ukazuje na činjenicu da je moguće izvršiti izbor na razini sjemenske sastojine. S obzirom na ukupnu visinu (UV) i radijalni prirast (RP), utvrđeno je da se najvrjednije sastojine općenito nalaze na istočnim i zapadnim Karpatima, iako su velike vrijednosti radijalnog prirasta (RP) i postotka kasnog drva (PKD) uglavnom zabilježene kod sastojina na istočnim Karpatima. Vrijednosti radijalnog prirasta (RP), postotka kasnog drva (PKD) (sl. 2) i prosječnog volumena po stablu (PV/S) bile su niže na pokusnim plohama smještenim izvan prirodnih staništa, dok su vrijednosti ukupne visine (UV) i standardne gustoće drva (SGD) bile više. Analiza lokacije također je pokazala veliku važnost interakcije između biljne zajednice i okoliša za sve parametre (osim SGD). Iste biološke zajednice različito reagiraju na promjene uvjeta u okolišu. Prema rezultatima ovoga rada moguće je preporučiti određene biljne zajednice, s tim da se reprodukcijski materijal iz ovih izvora može koristiti samo u ekološkim uvjetima koji su slični onima gdje je provedeno ispitivanje. Utvrđeno je da je standardna provenijencija prema IUFRO-u (Moldoviţa) najbolja biljna zajednica za provođenje svih ispitivanja.Tablica 1 prikazuje fizičko-geografske i klimatske uvjete na 4 pokusne plohe, tablica 2 prikazuje srednje vrijednosti, koeficijente varijacije i amplituda varijacije za sve analizirane parametre, u svim eksperimentima. Rezultati ANOVA-e za sve lokacije i kombinacije sve četiri lokacije prikazani su u tablici 3 i 4. Tablica 5 predstavlja rezultate Pearsonove korelacije između analiziranih parametara i zemljopisnih obilježja sastojina iz kojih dolazi sjeme

REAKCIJA POTOMSTVA IZ SJEMENSKIH SASTOJINA OBIČNE SMREKE (Picea abies(L.) H. Karst.) TESTIRANIH U NA RAZLIČITIM STANIŠTIMA

The aim of this study was to analyse the response of 33 seed stand progenies of Norway spruce, originating from the Romanian Carpathians, in terms of growth and wood characteristics, in trials located inside (Brețcu and Gurghiu) and outside (Avrig and Câmpina) of their natural distribution. Thirty years after planting, measurements were performed for the following traits: total height (TH), average volume per tree (AV/T), radial increment (RI), latewood percentage (LP) and conventional wood density (CWD). Correlation coefficients between the evaluated traits, on one hand, and the geographical coordinates (latitude, longitude and altitude) and ecophysiological latitude of seed stands origin, on the other, were also determined. ANOVA revealed significant (P < 0.01) differences among populations for all traits, with the exception of RI, suggesting that it is possible to make a selection at the populations level. Generally, the most valuable populations for TH and RI originate from Eastern and Western Carpathians. High values for LP were recorded mainly for populations originating from Eastern Carpathians. Compared to the two trials installed inside the natural range, the values for RI, TH and AV/T diminished only in one of the two tests installed outside the natural range (Câmpina), but the value for CWD increased. This pattern of expression of traits in the two trials located outside the natural range was explained by the different climatic conditions in two areas: the thermo-pluviometric factor in May-September period (TPV-IX) is 25.3 in Avrig, and only of 21.7 in Campina trial. On the other hand, on overall and in all the Carpathians branches, for latewood proportion there was a significant decrease (P<0.001) in the two tests outside the natural range. Significant interaction (P<0.001) between population and site trial was found for RI, TH, LP and AV/T. At the same time, the traits analyzed showed low intensity correlations between their values in the four trials and geographical location (altitude, latitude, longitude and ecophysiological latitude) of seed sources origin. The IUFRO standard provenance (Moldoviţa) was one of the most valuable population for the ensemble of all trials. The results of this study allowed the identification of the best populations in each trial that can be used to establish new plantations in similar ecological conditions.Cilj istraživannja bila je analiza reakcije 33 sjemenske sastojine obične smreke, iz područja rumunjskih Karpata, s obzirom na rast i karakteristike drva na pokusnim plohama smještenim unutar (Breþcu i Gurghiu) i izvan njihove prirodne rasprostranjenosti (Avrig i Câmpina) (sl. 1). Trideset godina nakon sadnje izvršena su mjerenja sljedećih značajki: ukupna visina (UV), prosječni volumen po stablu (PV/S), radijalni prirast (RP), postotak kasnog drva (PKD) i standardna gustoća drva (SGD). Utvrđeni su i koeficijenti korelacije između ispitanih pokusnih ploha i zemljopisnih obilježja sastojina. ANOVA je otkrila značajne (P < 0.01) razlike između biljnih zajednica svih pokusnih ploha, uz iznimku radijalnog prirasta (RP), što ukazuje na činjenicu da je moguće izvršiti izbor na razini sjemenske sastojine. S obzirom na ukupnu visinu (UV) i radijalni prirast (RP), utvrđeno je da se najvrjednije sastojine općenito nalaze na istočnim i zapadnim Karpatima, iako su velike vrijednosti radijalnog prirasta (RP) i postotka kasnog drva (PKD) uglavnom zabilježene kod sastojina na istočnim Karpatima. Vrijednosti radijalnog prirasta (RP), postotka kasnog drva (PKD) (sl. 2) i prosječnog volumena po stablu (PV/S) bile su niže na pokusnim plohama smještenim izvan prirodnih staništa, dok su vrijednosti ukupne visine (UV) i standardne gustoće drva (SGD) bile više. Analiza lokacije također je pokazala veliku važnost interakcije između biljne zajednice i okoliša za sve parametre (osim SGD). Iste biološke zajednice različito reagiraju na promjene uvjeta u okolišu. Prema rezultatima ovoga rada moguće je preporučiti određene biljne zajednice, s tim da se reprodukcijski materijal iz ovih izvora može koristiti samo u ekološkim uvjetima koji su slični onima gdje je provedeno ispitivanje. Utvrđeno je da je standardna provenijencija prema IUFRO-u (Moldoviţa) najbolja biljna zajednica za provođenje svih ispitivanja.Tablica 1 prikazuje fizičko-geografske i klimatske uvjete na 4 pokusne plohe, tablica 2 prikazuje srednje vrijednosti, koeficijente varijacije i amplituda varijacije za sve analizirane parametre, u svim eksperimentima. Rezultati ANOVA-e za sve lokacije i kombinacije sve četiri lokacije prikazani su u tablici 3 i 4. Tablica 5 predstavlja rezultate Pearsonove korelacije između analiziranih parametara i zemljopisnih obilježja sastojina iz kojih dolazi sjeme

Biological Flora of the British Isles: Sorbus torminalis

1.This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz (Wild Service-tree) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history, and conservation.2.Sorbus torminalis is an uncommon, mostly small tree (but can reach 33 m) native to lowland England and Wales, and temperate and Mediterranean regions of mainland Europe. It is the most shade-tolerant member of the genus in the British Isles and as a result it is more closely associated with woodland than any other British species. Like other British Sorbus species, however, it grows best where competition for space and sunlight is limited. Seedlings are shade tolerant but adults are only moderately so. This, combined with its low competitive ability, restricts the best growth to open areas. In shade, saplings and young adults form a sapling bank, showing reproduction and extensive growth only when released. Sorbus torminalis tolerates a wide range of soil reaction (pH 3.5-8.0) but grows best on calcareous clays and thin soils over limestone.3.Sorbus torminalis is a sexual, diploid, non-apomictic species that has hybridised with a number of other Sorbus species to form microspecies. The hermaphrodite flowers are primarily insect pollinated. Seed production is reliable only in warm years, especially at the edge of its range, although even then seed viability is low. The fruits are primarily dispersed by carnivorous mammals. Seeds display embryo dormancy but most will germinate the first spring after falling.4.This tree is very tolerant of short droughts but only moderately tolerant of frost, hence its southerly and lowland distribution. It faces no particular individual threats although the small size of most populations makes it susceptible to habitat loss and fragmentation, particularly through the loss of open coppiced areas. As a consequence it appears to be declining throughout Britain and Europe despite its wide range of historical uses and the high value of its timber. The extent to which these losses will be offset by increases due to climate change is unknown.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Testing Romanian seed sources of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst): results on growth traits and survival at age 30

Growth traits and survival rate were evaluated in two field trials consisting of 33 provenances (seed stands) spread across the entire natural distribution range of Norway spruce in Romania. Total tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH) and survival rate were measured at 30 years after planting. Both growth and adaptation traits show substantial genetic variation among the tested seed stands. The amplitude of variation depends markedly on trait and testing site. This fact suggests that the best performing seed stands for growth and adaptation traits at each testing site can be selected. Two groups of valuable populations, located in the North and East of Eastern Carpathians (Apuseni Mountains), were identified. Survival rate was negatively correlated with growth traits, the average values in the two field trials were 68% and 70%. By analyzing growth and adaptation traits together with stem and wood qualitative traits, the best performing populations will be considered as tested seed sources and the forest reproductive material they can provide will be recommended for use in the regions of provenance where the two field trials are located.</span

Genetic diversity of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] in Romanian Carpathians

The genetic diversity of Romanian most important coniferous tree species, the Norway spruce, was estimated by means of allozyme markers. A total of 695 adult trees sampled from eleven populations grouped in six mountainous areas in the Romanian Carpathians were analyzed. In three metapopulations (Maramureş, Postăvar and Parâng), to evaluate the influence of altitudinal gradient on genetic diversity, samples were collected from populations located at high and low altitude. At other location (ApuseniMountains) we compared the narrow-crown biotype (Picea abies var. columnaris) and the pyramidal crown biotype (Picea abies var. pyramidalis) and explored the genetic structure of peat bog ecotype. By analyzing 7 enzyme systems and 12 enzyme coding loci, a total of 38 allelic variants have been detected. The mean value of polymorphic loci for the six sites was 86.1%, ranging between 83.3% and 91.7% and the mean expected heterozygosity was 0.115, resulting in a moderate level of genetic diversity. The highest genetic diversity (He = 0.134) was found in the narrow-crown spruce population. Apuseni metapopulation showed the highest genetic diversity (He = 0.125), being the most valuable for conservation of genetic resources. The small value of fixation index (FST = 0.009) indicates a low genetic differentiation between the six sites and AMOVA test revealed a very high level of genetic diversity within population (99%). Comparative analysis of genetic parameters showed small differences between high and low altitude populations at each site, probably due to the neutral character of the markers analyzed and the effect of gene flow between gradiental populations.</p