Increase in serum and salivary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels with increased periodontal inflammation

Objective: This study aimed to determine serum and salivary levels of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and evaluate NGAL correlation with key anti-interleukin 10 (IL-10) and pro-inflammatory (IL-1β) cytokines in different severities of periodontal diseases. We also calculated the systemic inflammation using the periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA) to evaluate its correlation with NGAL in the study groups. Methodology: Eighty systemically healthy and non-smoking individuals were separated into four groups of 20: clinically healthy (Group 1), gingivitis (Group 2), stage I generalized periodontitis (Group 3, Grade A), and stage III generalized periodontitis (Group 4, Grade A). Sociodemographic characteristics and periodontal parameters were recorded, and PISA was calculated. The serum and salivary levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-10, and NGAL were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: We observed a significant increase in serum and salivary NGAL levels from healthy to periodontitis groups (p=0.000). Group 2 presented significantly higher serum and salivary IL-10 levels and salivary IL-1β levels than Group 3 (p=0.000). Serum and salivary parameters (IL-1β, IL-10, and NGAL levels) were strongly positively correlated to periodontal parameters and PISA values (p=0.000). Groups 2 and 3 showed overlapping PISA values. Conclusion: The overlapping PISA values found in Groups 2 and 3 suggest that gingivitis might progress to a systemic inflammatory burden somewhat comparable to stage I periodontitis. This finding is supported by the higher serum and salivary cytokines/mediators levels in the gingivitis group than in stage I periodontitis group. Serum and salivary NGAL levels increased proportionally to disease severity and PISA. NGAL seems to play a role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, within the limitation of our study

A keratin scaffold regulates epidermal barrier formation, mitochondrial lipid composition, and activity.

Keratin intermediate filaments (KIFs) protect the epidermis against mechanical force, support strong adhesion, help barrier formation, and regulate growth. The mechanisms by which type I and II keratins contribute to these functions remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that mice lacking all type I or type II keratins display severe barrier defects and fragile skin, leading to perinatal mortality with full penetrance. Comparative proteomics of cornified envelopes (CEs) from prenatal KtyI(-/-) and KtyII(-/-)(K8) mice demonstrates that absence of KIF causes dysregulation of many CE constituents, including downregulation of desmoglein 1. Despite persistence of loricrin expression and upregulation of many Nrf2 targets, including CE components Sprr2d and Sprr2h, extensive barrier defects persist, identifying keratins as essential CE scaffolds. Furthermore, we show that KIFs control mitochondrial lipid composition and activity in a cell-intrinsic manner. Therefore, our study explains the complexity of keratinopathies accompanied by barrier disorders by linking keratin scaffolds to mitochondria, adhesion, and CE formation

Gangs vs Gäng vad är skillnaden? En jämförelse mellan de kriminella ungdomsgängen i Sverige och USA

I dagens samhälle står ungdomarna inför flera problem i deras liv. För att handskas med dessa väljer ungdomarna olika sätt. Vid vissa tillfällen kan detta leda till att ungdomarna begår oönskade handlingar ur samhällets synpunkt. Genom att söka sig till gäng och därigenom leta efter svar på de problem som de ställs inför leds många ungdomar in i ett asocialt leverne. För att förhindra våra ungdomar från att hamna i sådana situationer jobbar samhället aktivt med att förbättra livet för och hjälpa ungdomarna. Även vid de tillfällen då ungdomarna redan börjat ett asocialt beteende har samhället flera metoder för att handskas med ungdomarna och få dem tillbaka till ett normalt liv. För att kunna hjälpa ungdomarna på bästa möjliga sätt måste vi veta som mycket som möjligt om dem. Det som var meningen med denna uppsats var just att få reda på mer om ungdomarna, gängen och samhällets arbetsmetoder för att hjälpa ungdomarna och förhindra gängen. Det lättaste sättet att förbättra sig själv är att lära av andra och därför sker det en komparation i uppsatsen mellan Sverige och USA. Ungdomarna i USA blir oftast tryckta in i gängen på grund av yttre påverkan från andra gäng eller på grund av påtryckningar som de upplever från samhället. Däremot blir ungdomarna i Sverige oftast inte tryckta in i gäng utan snarare blir de dragna till gäng av det som gängen har att erbjuda. Denna skillnad i hur gängen skapas föranleder också en skillnad i hur gängen bekämpas och hur ungdomarna hanteras. I USA satsas det mycket på att jobba med de förhållandena i samhället som fick ungdomarna att gå med i gängen genom att erbjuda arbetstillfällen och skapa bättre relationer mellan ungdomarna och den lokala polisen. I Sverige satsas det däremot mer på att jobba med individen, ungdomarna ska få den information och det stöd som behövs för att de inte ska vilja gå med i gäng eller för att de ska vilja lämna ett gäng. Skillnader i arbetssätten kan också ses i hur de ungdomarna som blivit tagna för kriminella aktiviteter behandlas. Graden av frihetsberövande vid brott där ungdomar är inblandade kan påverka deras inställning till samhället och kan vara en metod för att hantera gängmedlemmar. Informationsutbyte mellan stater borde vara ett önskvärt förhållande där olika metoder och teorier som har haft framgångar i respektive land kan delas mellan länderna för att uppnå en effektivare hantering av ungdomarna. Däremot kan metoderna skilja sig mellan länderna beroende på hur gängen bildades, men detta är bara ännu en anledning till att dela med sig av den information länderna har eftersom det kan visa på hur andra gäng som inte är lika framträdande inom landet ska hanteras.In today's society young people are faced with several problems in their lives. Young people choose different ways to deal with these. At times this can lead to young people committing undesirable actions from the society's point of view. By seeking to gangs and thus looking for the answers to the problems they faced led many young people into an anti-social lifestyle. In order to prevent our youth from falling into situations such as these the community works actively with to improve the lives and help young people. Even at times when young people have already started an anti-social behavior, society has several methods for dealing with them and get them back to a normal life. To help young people the best possible way possible we need to know as much as we can about them. The purpose of this study was to find out more about young people, gangs and the community working to help young people and prevent gangs. The easiest way to improve yourself is to learn from others, and therefore, there is a comparison in the paper between Sweden and USA. Young people in the U.S. are usually pushed into gangs because of external influences from other gangs or because of pressure they experience from the community. However, the young people in Sweden is usually not pushed into the gang, but rather, they are pulled to the gang of what the gangs have to offer. This difference in how the gangs are created causes a difference in how the gangs are dealt with and how the young people are handled. The United States spends a lot of work with the conditions in society that caused young people to join gangs by providing jobs and creating better relationships between the young people and the local police. Sweden focuses more on working with individuals, young people will receive the information and the support necessary for them not to want to join gangs or to make them want to leave a gang. Differences in working practices can also be seen in how the young people who have been caught for criminal activity is treated. The degree of custodial crimes involving young people involved can affect their attitude towards society and can be a method to deal with gang members. Exchange of information between states should be a desirable condition in which the different methods and theories that have had success in each country can be shared between countries to allow more effective management of young people. However, the methods may differ among countries depending on how the gangs were formed, but this is just another reason to share the information between countries because it can show how other gangs that are not as prominent in the country should be managed

Lipid Cell Biology:A Focus on Lipids in Cell Division

Cells depend on hugely diverse lipidomes for many functions. The actions and structural integrity of the plasma membrane and most organelles also critically depend on membranes and their lipid components. Despite the biological importance of lipids, our understanding of lipid engagement, especially the roles of lipid hydrophobic alkyl side chains, in key cellular processes is still developing. Emerging research has begun to dissect the importance of lipids in intricate events such as cell division. This review discusses how these structurally diverse biomolecules are spatially and temporally regulated during cell division, with a focus on cytokinesis. We analyze how lipids facilitate changes in cellular morphology during division and how they participate in key signaling events. We identify which cytokinesis proteins are associated with membranes, suggesting lipid interactions. More broadly, we highlight key unaddressed questions in lipid cell biology and techniques, including mass spectrometry, advanced imaging, and chemical biology, which will help us gain insights into the functional roles of lipids. </jats:p

Recurrent Bilateral Breast Abscesses after Sternotomy

Median sternotomy is the most commonly used incision in cardiothoracic procedures. Development of breast abscess after sternotomy is a very rare situation. We present a case of sternal wound infection with recurrent bilateral breast abscess after sternotomy. Our case is the first and only case in the literature due to the presence of sternal wound infection with recurrent bilateral breast abscess after sternotomy