Din ve dünya geriliminin yeniden yorumlanması: Müceddidî ve Hâlidî Şeyhlerinin deneyimleri bağlamında Nakşibendî Tarikatı

In his article “Did Premodern Muslims Distinguish the Religious and Secular?,” Rushain Abbasi convincingly demonstrates how pre-modern Muslim thinkers had made an array of meaningful distinctions between dīn (‘religion’) and dunyā (‘the world’) approximating the religious-secular dyad. This paper explores a fourth typology, a latent opposing attitude toward the dīn-dunyā binary, by expanding Abbasi’s analytical trajectory to include both a discursive and pragmatic framework – the former involving scrutiny of the content and substance of rationally thought-out arguments, the latter demanding a closer look at how ideas have informed and shaped practical forms of reasoning and their application in the real world. Therefore, beyond the conceptual and epistemological signification of the dīn-dunyā binary in Islamic thought as surveyed by Abbasi, an attempt will be made to show how Muslims have also reasoned in both theoretical and practical terms to bridge the tension between the two spheres. The overarching objective is to consider how the dīn-dunyā binary fares in the Islamic mystical tradition through a case study analysis of five prominent Naqshbandī shaykhs: Aḥmad Sirhindī, Khālid al-Shahrazūrī, Aḥmad Gümüşhānevī, Zahid Kotku, and Mahmud Esad Coşan. The dialectical method developed by Shmuel Eisenstadt, which supposes a basic tension between the transcendental and mundane orders, will be applied to examine how each individual shaykh experienced, interpreted, and bridged the opposition between dīn and dunyā in both their doctrinal teachings and life-practices. The study aims to show how the shaykhs applied certain ethico-mystical principles like khalwat dar anjuman (‘solitude within society’) in a way that saw them engaging in a constant and concerted effort at bridging the unbridgeable in their worldly and other-worldly pursuits.Rushain Abbasi “Modern öncesi dönemde Müslümanlar dini ve seküleri birbirinden ayırdılar mı?” adlı makalesinde birçok yazarın aksine bu iki alanın modern öncesi dünyada da günümüzdekine benzer bir biçimde ayrılmakta olduğunu iddia etmektedir. Bu makalede Abbasi’nin önerdiği üçlü sınıflandırmaya bir dördüncüsünü eklemeyi önermekteyiz. Din ve dünya arasındaki ayrımın sadece analitik bir ayrım olmadığını, iki ucun birbirine zıt, gerilimli bir ilişki içinde ortaya çıktığını iddia etmekteyiz. Bu ayrım sadece doktriner düzlemde değil, aynı zamanda günlük yaşamda, söylemsel düzlemde ve pratik akıl yürütme noktalarında ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu bağlamda din ve dünya arasındaki ayrım Abbasi’nin iddia ettiği gibi sadece İslam düşüncesine içkin kavramsal bir ayrımın ötesindedir. Makalenin temel amacı beş Nakşibendî şeyhinin bu çabayı bizzat kendi yaşamlarında ne şekilde sergilediklerini göstererek tartışmaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Shmuel Eisenstadt tarafından öne sürülmüş olan gerçekliğin transcendental (aşkın olan) ile mundane (gündelik olan) düzlemler arasındaki gerilimi ele aldığı kavramsal çerçeveye başvurulmuştur. Beş şeyhin bu gerilimi nasıl yaşadığı ve kendi pratik kararlarında ne şekilde yorumlayarak üstesinden geldikleri, iki alan arasında nasıl köprü kurdukları ve bunun kendi öğretilerine nasıl yansıdığı makalede tartışılmaktadır. Bu bağlamada Nakşibendiliğin “halvet der-encümen” prensibi bu iki dünya arasındaki gerilimin üstesinden gelinmesini mümkün kılan anahtar yaklaşım olarak ele alınmaktadır

Phosphorus and humic acid application alleviate salinity stress of pepper seedling

Humic acid is a commercial product that contains many elements which improve the soil fertility and increase the availability of nutrient elements. It consequently affects plant growth and yield and ameliorates the deleterious effects of salt stress. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of humic acids and phosphorus on growth and nutrient content of pepper seedlings (cv. Demre) grown under moderate salt stress in growth chamber conditions. Applications of different levels of phosphorus [0 (P0), 50 (P1), 100 (P2) and 150 (P3) mg kg-1] and humic acid [0 (HA0), 750 (HA1) and 1500 (HA2) mg kg-1] to growing media containing moderate salt dose (8 mM NaCl treatment) were studied. The study was replicated four times with 20 plants in each replicate. Humic acid (HA) and phosphorus applications increased the growth and growth parameter of plants. In company, effects of HA and P application was more effective on growth and growth parameter than each separate effect. The optimum total yield was obtained from 69 mg kg-1 P application with HA2 doses according to regression analysis. Humic acid application significantly increased N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn and Cu contents of shoot of pepper seedling. Also, N, P, K, Ca, S, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu contents of root were increased with humic acid application. Na contents of both shoot and root of pepper decreased with increased humic acid doses. It can be concluded that high humic acid doses has positive effects on salt tolerance based on the plant growth parameters and nutrient contents. The present study suggests that HA treatments can ameliorate the deleterious effects of salt stress on pepper plants and HA could offer an economical and simple application to reduce problems of pepper production in moderately saline soil.Keywords: Nutrient uptake, plant growth parameter, salt stress, pepperAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 9(36), pp. 5845-5851, 6 September, 201

Effects of the Histamine H2 Receptor Antagonist Famotidine on the Healing of Colonic Anastomosis in Rats

BACKGROUND: Failure of anastomotic healing is one of the major complications in colorectal surgery. Because histamine plays an important role in immune and inflammatory reactions, we demonstrate the effects of famotidine on the healing of colonic anastomosis in rats. METHODS: Twenty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the study. Excision and end-to-end anastomosis was performed in the distal colon of the rat. The Famotidine Group received 2 mg/kg/day famotidine; the Control Group received the same amount of saline. Bursting pressure of anastomoses and hydroxyproline content of perianastomotic tissues were evaluated on the third and seventh days following surgery. RESULTS: Bursting pressures and hydroxyproline contents for the Famotidine Group were significantly lower than the equivalent parameters for the Control Group on both the third and seventh days post-surgery. CONCLUSIONS: According to our findings, famotidine exerts detrimental effects on the anastomotic bursting pressure and hydroxyproline content of perianastomotic tissues in the colon of rats

Kabuki make-up syndrome: a case report

Kabuki make-up sendromu (KMS) mental retardasyon, gelisme geriligi ve multipl anomalilerle birlikte seyreden, nedeni bilinmeyen nadir görülen bir sendromdur. Olgular karakteristik bir yüz görünümüne (ektropion, kulak kepçelerinin genis ve düsük olması, genis alın, genis ve basık burun kökü) sahiptirler. Bu yazıda konusma bozuklugu, gözlerinde sık sık kızarıklık ve yasarma ile birlikte sık tekrarlayan kulak akıntısı nedeniyle basvuran ve karakteristik özellikleri ile KMS düsünülen 5 yasındaki bir kız olgu nadir görülmesi nedeniyle sunulmak istenmistir.Kabuki make-up syndrome (KMS) is a rare syndrome characterized by mental retardation, growth retardation and multiple abnormalities. The etiology is obscure. Patients present with typical facies characterized by ectropion of eyelids, a wide forehead, arched eyebrows and a depressed and broad nasal tip. In this paper we report a 5-year-old girl who presented with speech abnormalities, recurrent red eyes, epiphora and recurrent otitis media

Increased oxidative stress is associated with insulin resistance and infertility in polycystic ovary syndrome

Objectives: The present study aims to investigate the role of oxidant-antioxidant status in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Material and methods: Seventy-one women with PCOS and 53 healthy controls are compared in aspect of demographic characteristics, biochemical data, hormones, and oxidant-antioxidant status.Results: The PCOS group had significantly lower zinc, higher malondialdehyde and gluthathione peroxidase and lower serum catalase levels than the control group (p = 0.016, p < 0.001, p = 0.043 and p = 0.025 respectively). The PCOS patients with IR had significantly higher malondialdehyde, lower catalase and serum zinc levels than the PCOS patients without IR (p = 0.015, p = 0.010, p = 0.001 respectively). The infertile PCOS patients had significantly higher malondialdehyde, lower catalase and serum zinc levels than the fertile PCOS patients (p = 0.022, p = 0.045,p = 0.001 respectively). There was a statistically significant and positive correlation between HOMA-IR and malondialdehyde values (r = 0.523, p = 0.001), between HOMA-IR and glutathione peroxidase values (r = 0.468, p = 0.001) and between HOMA-IR and zinc values (r = 0.601, p = 0.001). There was a statistically significant and negative correlation between HOMA-IR and catalase values (r = –0.493, p = 0.001).Conclusions: The patients with PCOS are under oxidative stress and this oxidative stress seems to be the highest in patients with IR and with infertility. Despite the prominent increase in the oxidative stress, there was a variation in the antioxidant response

Immunogenicity, safety and clinical outcomes of the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine in adolescents with type 1 diabetes

IntroductionThe mRNA-based BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine has been shown to elicit robust systemic immune response and confer substantial protection against the severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19), with a favorable safety profile in adolescents. However, no data exist regarding immunogenicity, reactogenicity and clinical outcomes of COVID-19 vaccines in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). In this prospective observational cohort study, we examined the humoral immune responses and side effects induced by the BNT162b2 vaccine, as well as, the rate and symptomatology of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infections after completion of dual-dose BNT162b2 vaccination in adolescents with T1D and compared their data with those of healthy control adolescents. The new data obtained after the vaccination of adolescents with T1D could guide their further COVID-19 vaccination schedule.MethodsA total of 132 adolescents with T1D and 71 controls were enrolled in the study, of whom 81 COVID-19 infection-naive adolescents with T1D (patient group) and 40 COVID-19 infection-naive controls (control group) were eligible for the final analysis. The response of participants to the BNT162b2 vaccine was assessed by measuring their serum IgG antibodies to the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), 4–6 weeks after the receipt of first and second vaccine doses. Data about the adverse events of the vaccine was collected after the receipt of each vaccine dose. The rate of COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infections was evaluated in the 6-month period following second vaccination.ResultsAfter vaccinations, adolescents with T1D and controls exhibited similar, highly robust increments in anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers. All the participants in the patient and control groups developed anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers over 1,050 AU/ml after the second vaccine dose which is associated with a neutralizing effect. None of the participants experienced severe adverse events. The rate of breakthrough infections in the patient group was similar to that in the control group. Clinical symptomatology was mild in all cases.ConclusionOur findings suggest that two-dose BNT162b2 vaccine administered to adolescents with T1D elicits robust humoral immune response, with a favorable safety profile and can provide protection against severe SARS-CoV-2 infection similar to that in healthy adolescents

HAYATA BİR YERİNDEN TUTUNAMAMAK

Uluslararası Bakalorya programı A1Türkçe dersi uzun tez çalışması kapsamında Oğuz Atay’ın “Tutunamayanlar” adlı romanı üzerinde ayrıntılı inceleme yapılmıştır. Odak figürler üzerinden Türk aydının yaşadığı iç çatışmalara, bunlara kaynaklık eden sebeplere ve sonuçlarına değinilmiştir. Ne sadece toplumsal sorunlar odaklı ne de sadece birey odaklı olan bu roman, toplumsal sorunların etkilediği bireylerin bilinçaltlarının romanı olarak alınabilir. Yapıtın değerlendirilmesinde de bu düşünceyle odak figürlerin toplumsal sorunlardan etkilenişleri üzerinde duruldu. Çalışmanın giriş bölümünde yapıta genel bir bakış yapılmıştır. Bir dönem romanı olan “Tutunamayanlar”ın yazıldığı dönemin özellikleri ve bireye yansımalarına ikinci bölümde değinilmiştir. Bu dönemin farklı nitelikteki aydınlarının karşılaştırılması ile odak figürlerin hangi niteliktekilere sahip olduğu ve nasıl bir yaşam tarzını benimsedikleri sonraki üç bölümde ayrıntılı olarak işlenmiştir. Altıncı ve yedinci bölümlerde odak figürlerin “Tutunamamak” paydasında birleşmelerinden ve böyle olmakla beraber yaşadıkları iç çatışmalar özetlenmiştir. Sonuç bölümünde ise odak figürlerin bireysel ve toplumsal nedenlerden dolayı yaşadıkları iç çatışmalar nedeniyle genel olarak değerlendirilmiştir

Sodyum borhidrürün hidrolizini katalizleyen hidrojenfosfalt ile kararlı hale getirilmiş nikel(0) nanokümelerinin sentezlenmesi ve tanımlanması

The development of new storage materials will facilitate the use of hydrogen as a major energy carrier in near future. In hydrogen economy, chemical hydrides such as NaBH4, KBH4, LiH, NaH have been tested as hydrogen storage materials for supplying hydrogen at ambient temperature. Among these chemical hydrides, sodium borohydride seems to be an ideal hydrogen storage material because it is stable under ordinary conditions and liberates hydrogen gas in a safe and controllable way in aqueous solutions. However, self hydrolysis of sodium borohydride is so slow that it requires a suitable catalyst. All of the prior catalysts tested for the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride are heterogeneous and, therefore, have limited activity because of the small surface area. Here, we report for the first time the employment of water dispersible metal(0) nanoclusters having a large portion of atoms on the surface as a catalyst for the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride. In-situ formation of nickel(0) nanoclusters and catalytic hydrolysis of sodium borohydride were performed in the same medium. Nickel(0) nanoclusters are prepared from the reduction of nickel(II) acetylacetonate by sodium borohydride in aqueous solution and stabilized with hydrogenphosphate anions. The nickel(0) nanoclusters were characterized by using XPS, Powder XRD, FT-IR, UV-Vis and NMR spectroscopic methods. The kinetics of the nickel(0) nanoclusters catalyzed hydrolysis of sodium borohydride was studied depending on the catalyst concentration, substrate concentration, stabilizing agent concentration and temperature. Tha kinetic study shows that the nickel(0) nanocluster-catalyzed hydrolysis of sodium borohydride is first order with respect to catalyst concentration and zero order with respect to substrate concentration The activation parameters of this reaction were also determined from the evaluation of the kineticM.S. - Master of Scienc

Suda çözünür polimerle kararlılaştırılmış geçiş metal(0) nanokümeleri: hazırlanması, tanımlanması ve sodyum borhidrür ve amonyak boranın hidrolizinden hidrojen eldesinde katalitik etkinlikleri.

Metal nanoclusters exhibit unique properties which differ from their bulk materials, owing to the quantum size effects. For example, the catalytic activity of transition metal nanoclusters generally increases with decreasing particle size. However, nanoclusters tend to be fairly unstable with respect to the agglomerate into bulk metal in solution and thus special precautions have to be taken to avoid their aggregation or precipitation during the preparation of such nanoclusters in solution. In order to obtain stable nanoclusters dispersed in solution, a stabilizing agent is usually added into the reaction system. The stabilization of metal nanoclusters in solution can be achieved either by electrostatically by using charged ions such as acetate ion or sterically by long chain molecules such as polymers. Polymers are one of the most widely used steric stabilizers for the preparation of stable metal nanoclusters in solution. The use of polymers as stabilizer for the synthesis of transition metal nanoclusters provides advantegous regarding solubility, conductivity, thermal stability and reusability. The metal nanoclusters stabilized by polymers generally show higher catalytic activity, stability and optical properties. In this dissertation we report the preparation and characterization of water soluble polymer stabilized transition metal(0) (metal= Ni, Co and Ru) nanoclusters and their v catalysis in hydrogen generation from the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and ammonia borane (AB) which are the best candidates as chemical hydrogen storage materials for on-board applications. The water soluble polymer stabilized nickel(0), cobalt(0) and ruthenium(0) nanoclusters were prepared by using two different facile methods; (i) the reduction of metal precursors by sodium borohydride in the presence poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) in methanol solution after 1h reflux, (ii) the in situ generation during the hydrolysis of ammonia borane in the presence of poly(4-styrene sulfonicacid-co-maleic acid) (PSSA-co-MA). The characterization of both type of polymer stabilized transition metal(0) nanoclusters were done by using UV-Visible electronic absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and FT-IR techniques. The catalytic activity of PVP stabilized nickel(0), cobalt(0) and ruthenium(0) nanoclusters was tested in the hydrolysis of NaBH4 and AB. The catalytic acitivity of PSSA-co-MA stabilized nickel(0), cobalt(0) and ruthenium(0) nanoclusters was tested only in the hydrolysis of AB in which they were in situ generated. The kinetics of hydrogen generation from both hydrolysis reactions in the presence PVP or PSSA-co-MA stabilized nickel(0), cobalt(0) and ruthenium(0) nanoclusters were studied depending on the polymer to metal ratio, catalyst concentration, substrate concentration and temperature as well as the activation parameters (Arrhenius activation energy (Ea), activation enthalpy (∆H≠) and activation entropy (∆S≠) of both catalytic hydrolysis were calculated from the kinetic data.Ph.D. - Doctoral Progra

Maintenance as a contributor in green production systems : Interviews with Volvo, Scania, and Dynamate

This thesis reviews and analyses the potential impact of maintenance on the fulfilment of Green Production Systems. Overall aim is to highlight how maintenance may contribute to decreasing the environmental impact of production. The thesis is based on the combination of literature studies and set of qualitative interviews conducted in selected companies. Three Swedish manufacturers were interviewed about their way of working, as well as their views on sustainability within operation management including maintenance. The results of the research explains why some organisations fail to recognize maintenance’s role to achieve sustainability, and how maintenance has been characterized in these organisations, namely by: short term pressures, reactive approach, neglecting hidden costs, lack of teamworking between production and maintenance departments, and low focus (hierarchical low status) on maintenance importance, resulting in lack of skilled labor available in organizations. In contrast, practices and strategies to succeed found to be based on the following: long term thinking, structured way of working, a proactive approach to maintenance, aiming to integrate core values into operational work, and establishing an environment which fosters continuous improvement and employee development. Same study identifies areas and "effects of poor maintenance" to be dealt with in the journey toward sustainable production, these are: economic, quality, processes wastes, emissions, resource consumption, safety and work environment related. It is therefore suggested that organizations may choose a proactive approach to maintenance that is best suited to their needs, which allows efficient production and long-term profitability, while considering safety and environmental aspects. Various concepts are available, but the organisation has to optimise on the combination of various practices. Following to the findings, a proposal is made that proactive culture should be integrated into daily work in a practical way such as Safety-Quality-Environment becomes everyone's responsibility. Sustainable perspective and sticking to best course of proactive measures are prioritized against short term pressures. To support this proposal a toolkit is developed that can be used at team/level continuous improvement programs, based on the PDCA model. Finally, the thesis emphasizes what benefits the optimum maintenance can provide on the fulfilment of competitive and resource-efficient production systems