92 research outputs found
Individual participant data (IPD)-level meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials to estimate the vitamin D dietary requirements in dark-skinned individuals resident at high latitude
Context and purpose There is an urgent need to develop vitamin D dietary recommendations for dark-skinned populations resident at high latitude. Using data from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with vitamin D3-supplements/fortified foods, we undertook an individual participant data-level meta-regression (IPD) analysis of the response of wintertime serum 25-hydroxyvitamin (25(OH)D) to total vitamin D intake among dark-skinned children and adults residing atââ„â40° N and derived dietary requirement values for vitamin D. Methods IPD analysis using data from 677 dark-skinned participants (of Black or South Asian descent; ages 5â86 years) in 10 RCTs with vitamin D supplements/fortified foods identified via a systematic review and predefined eligibility criteria. Outcome measures were vitamin D intake estimates across a range of 25(OH)D thresholds. Results To maintain serum 25(OH)D concentrationsââ„â25 and 30 nmol/L in 97.5% of individuals, 23.9 and 27.3 ”g/day of vitamin D, respectively, were required among South Asian and 24.1 and 33.2 ”g/day, respectively, among Black participants. Overall, our age-stratified intake estimates did not exceed age-specific Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for vitamin D. The vitamin D intake required by dark-skinned individuals to maintain 97.5% of winter 25(OH)D concentrationsââ„â50 nmol/L was 66.8 ”g/day. This intake predicted that the upper 2.5% of individuals could potentially achieve serum 25(OH)D concentrationsââ„â158 nmol/L, which has been linked to potential adverse effects in older adults in supplementation studies. Conclusions Our IPD-derived vitamin D intakes required to maintain 97.5% of winter 25(OH)D concentrationsââ„â25, 30 and 50 nmol/L are substantially higher than the equivalent estimates for White individuals. These requirement estimates are also higher than those currently recommended internationally by several agencies, which are based predominantly on data from Whites and derived from standard meta-regression based on aggregate data. Much more work is needed in dark-skinned populations both in the doseâresponse relationship and risk characterisation for health outcomes.Peer reviewe
The TGFÎČ-SMAD3 pathway inhibits IL-1α induced interactions between human pancreatic stellate cells and pancreatic carcinoma cells and restricts cancer cell migration
CA19-9 and apolipoprotein-A2 isoforms as detection markers for pancreatic cancer: a prospective evaluation.
Recently, we identified unique processing patterns of apolipoprotein A2 (ApoA2) in patients with pancreatic cancer. Our study provides a first prospective evaluation of an ApoA2 isoform ("ApoA2-ATQ/AT"), alone and in combination with carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), as an early detection biomarker for pancreatic cancer. We performed ELISA measurements of CA19-9 and ApoA2-ATQ/AT in 156 patients with pancreatic cancer and 217 matched controls within the European EPIC cohort, using plasma samples collected up to 60 months prior to diagnosis. The detection discrimination statistics were calculated for risk scores by strata of lag-time. For CA19-9, in univariate marker analyses, C-statistics to distinguish future pancreatic cancer patients from cancer-free individuals were 0.80 for plasma taken â€6 months before diagnosis, and 0.71 for >6-18 months; for ApoA2-ATQ/AT, C-statistics were 0.62, and 0.65, respectively. Joint models based on ApoA2-ATQ/AT plus CA19-9 significantly improved discrimination within >6-18 months (C = 0.74 vs. 0.71 for CA19-9 alone, p = 0.022) and †18 months (C = 0.75 vs. 0.74, p = 0.022). At 98% specificity, and for lag times of â€6, >6-18 or †18 months, sensitivities were 57%, 36% and 43% for CA19-9 combined with ApoA2-ATQ/AT, respectively, vs. 50%, 29% and 36% for CA19-9 alone. Compared to CA19-9 alone, the combination of CA19-9 and ApoA2-ATQ/AT may improve detection of pancreatic cancer up to 18 months prior to diagnosis under usual care, and may provide a useful first measure for pancreatic cancer detection prior to imaging
Surface Treatments for Inkjet Printing onto a PTFE-Based Substrate for High Frequency Applications
This document is the Accepted Manuscript version of a Published Work that appeared in final form in
the journal Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research [copyright © American Chemical Society] after peer review and technical editing by the publisher.
To access the final edited and published work see: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie4006639Inkjet printing onto laminates for use in high frequency applications (high frequency laminates)
is challenging, due to the substrate surface roughness present after etching away the copper
layer(s). This has a detrimental effect on interconnect losses as the frequency increases. In this
paper, different surface treatments to reduce the surface roughness of a typical high frequency
laminate (RO3006) are investigated. In particular, the importance of matching the substrate
surface energy to the ink to achieve a smooth coated layer for the case of a UV cured insulator is
demonstrated. This is achievable within the parameters of heating the platen, which is a more
flexible approach compared to modifying the ink to improve the ink-substrate interaction. In
printing onto the surface modified substrates, the substrate roughness was observed to affect the
printed line width significantly. A surface roughness factor was introduced to take into account
the phenomenon by modifying the original formula of Smith et al. Lastly, the authors show that
the printed line widths are also influenced by the surface tension arising from charges present on
the surface modified substrates
EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2013. Scientific Opinion on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union.
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a Scientific Opinion on the nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union. This Opinion describes the dietary requirements of infants and young children, compares dietary intakes and requirements in infants and young children in Europe and, based on these findings, concludes on the potential role of young-child formulae in the diets of infants and young children, including whether they have any nutritional benefits when compared with other foods that may be included in the normal diet of infants and young children. The Panel concluded on the levels of nutrient and energy intakes that are considered adequate for the majority of infants and young children, and evaluated the risk
of inadequate nutrient intakes in infants and young children in living Europe. Dietary intakes of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), iron, vitamin D and iodine (in some European countries) are low in infants and young children living in Europe, and particular attention should be paid to ensuring an appropriate supply of ALA, DHA, iron, vitamin D and iodine in infants and young children with inadequate or at risk of inadequate status of these nutrients. No unique role of young -child formulae with respect to the provision of critical nutrients in the diet of infants and young children living in Europe can be identified, so that they cannot be considered as a necessity to satisfy the nutritional requirements of young children when compared with other foods that may be included in the normal diet of young children (such as breast milk, infant formulae, follow-on formulae and cow\u2018s milk)
Persian cats under first opinion veterinary care in the UK:demography, mortality and disorders
Persian cats are a popular cat breed worldwide, and especially in the US, Europe and Asia. This study aimed to describe the demography, common disorders and mortality in Persians under general practice veterinary care in 2013 in the UK. The study population of 285,547 cats overall included 3235 (1.1%) Persians. Mean adult Persian bodyweight was 3.9âkg (SD 0.9) and median age was 7.0 years (IQR 3.3â11.6). At least one disorder was recorded in 2099 (64.9%) Persians. The most common specific disorders were haircoat disorders (411, 12.7%), periodontal disease (365, 11.3%), overgrown nails (234, 7.2%), and ocular discharge (188, 5.8%). The most common disorder groups were dermatological (578, 17.9%), ophthalmological (496, 15.3%) and dental (397, 12.3%). Median longevity was 13.5 years (IQR 9.9â16.0). The most common grouped causes of death were renal disease (102, 23.4%), neoplasia (37, 8.5%) and mass-associated disorder (35, 8.0%). This is the first study to use general practice data to examine the overall health of Persian cats. With haircoat, ocular and dental disorders being the predominant disorders identified, this study highlights the need for increased owner awareness to manage and prevent the typical health problems associated with this breedâs phenotype
Reduced pain perception in children and adolescents with ADHD is normalized by methylphenidate
Can our experience with surveillance for inherited pancreatic cancer help to identify early pancreatic cancer in the general population?
Screening of the general population for cancer is a matter of primary prevention reducing the burden of disease. Whilst this is successful for several cancers including breast, colon and prostate, the situation to screen and hence prevent pancreatic cancer is different. The organ is not as accessible to simple physical exam or biological samples (fecal or blood test). Neither exists a blood test such as PSA that is cost-effective. Reviewing the evidence from screening risk groups for pancreatic cancer, one must conclude that there is no rational at present to screen the general population, for a lack of appropriate tests
Extracellular galectin 4 drives immune evasion and promotes T-cell apoptosis inâŻpancreatic cancer
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by richâŻdeposits of extracellular matrix (ECM), affecting the pathophysiology of the disease. Here, we identified galectin 4 (gal 4) as a cancer cell produced protein deposited into the ECM of PDAC tumors and detected high circulating levels of gal 4 in PDAC patients. In orthotopic transplantationâŻexperiments we observed increased infiltration of T-cells and prolonged survival in immunocompetent mice transplanted with cancer cells with reduced expression of gal 4. Increased survival was not observed inâŻimmunodeficient RAG1-/- mice, demonstrating that the effect was mediated by the adaptive immune system. Furthermore, by performing single-cell RNA-sequencing we found that the myeloid compartment and cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) subtypes were altered in the transplanted tumors. Reduced gal 4 expression was associated with higher proportion of myofibroblastic CAFs and reduced numbers of inflammatory CAFs. We also found higher proportions of M1 macrophages, T-cells and antigen presenting dendritic cells in tumors with reduced gal 4 expression. Using a co-culture system, we observed that extracellular gal 4 induced apoptosis in T-cells by binding N-glycosylation residues on CD3 epsilon/delta. Hence, we show that gal 4 is involved in immune evasion and identify gal 4 as aâŻpromising drug target for overcoming immunosuppression in PDAC. Originally included in thesis in manuscript form. </p
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