Is Austerity an Effective Recovery Measure for the Eurozone?

In 2008 occurred the beginning of what was to become the most comprehensive, global, financial crisis in modern time. The recent crisis has been substantial for most developed countries, where almost all Eurozone members have showed negative economic results. Our goal is to determine, with as much accuracy as possible, if austerity contributes to the Eurozone-countries’ recovery process from the Euro crisis. We are measuring austerity by examining the changes in the CAPB (Cyclically-adjusted primary balance)-variable, also known as the fiscal stance. An increase in fiscal stance would mean that the country is heading towards a further contractionary fiscal policy. We are studying fiscal stance in correlation to our dependent variables GDP, unemployment and bank solvency. Our results show that in general an implantation of contractionary fiscal policy decreases GDP and increases unemployment and bank solvency. We are comparing two groups of countries, the GIPSI countries and the Baltic States, where we can see significant differences how our dependent variables are affected by CAPB. Austerity is an effective method for tightening country’s economy deficits and debts during normal conditions. But the measure might become ineffective and counterproductive when the normal economic conditions past and financial turmoil emerges. The general conclusion would be that fiscal stance is not contributing to a country’s recovery process, but with exceptions such as the Baltic States

Evolution of ultraviolet vision in the largest avian radiation - the passerines

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Interspecific variation in avian colour vision falls into two discrete classes: violet sensitive (VS) and ultraviolet sensitive (UVS). They are characterised by the spectral sensitivity of the most shortwave sensitive of the four single cones, the SWS1, which is seemingly under direct control of as little as one amino acid substitution in the cone opsin protein. Changes in spectral sensitivity of the SWS1 are ecologically important, as they affect the abilities of birds to accurately assess potential mates, find food and minimise visibility of social signals to predators. Still, available data have indicated that shifts between classes are rare, with only four to five independent acquisitions of UV sensitivity in avian evolution.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We have classified a large sample of passeriform species as VS or UVS from genomic DNA and mapped the evolution of this character on a passerine phylogeny inferred from published molecular sequence data. Sequencing a small gene fragment has allowed us to trace the trait changing from one stable state to another through the radiation of the passeriform birds. Their ancestor is hypothesised to be UVS. In the subsequent radiation, colour vision changed between UVS and VS at least eight times.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The phylogenetic distribution of SWS1 cone opsin types in Passeriformes reveals a much higher degree of complexity in avian colour vision evolution than what was previously indicated from the limited data available. Clades with variation in the colour vision system are nested among clades with a seemingly stable VS or UVS state, providing a rare opportunity to understand how an ecologically important trait under simple genetic control may co-evolve with, and be stabilised by, associated traits in a character complex.</p

An experimental test for indirect benefits in Drosophila melanogaster

BACKGROUND: Despite much empirical attention, tests for indirect benefits of mate choice have rarely considered the major components of sexual and nonsexual offspring fitness relevant to a population. Here we use a novel experimental design to test for the existence of any indirect benefits in a laboratory adapted population of D. melanogaster. Our experiment compared the fitness (mating success, longevity, and productivity) of individuals possessing genomes that derived two generations previously from males that were either entirely successful (studs) or wholly unsuccessful (duds) at achieving mates in three subsequent rounds of mating trials. RESULTS: Males from the stud treatment were 30% more successful on average at securing mates than males from the dud treatment. In contrast, we found no difference between treatments in measures of productivity or of longevity when measured in a mixed-sex environment. In the absence of females, however, males in the stud treatment outlived males in the dud treatment. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that mating with successful males in this population provides an indirect benefit to females and that, at least in this environment, the benefit arises primarily through the production of more attractive male offspring. However, it is unclear whether this represents solely a traditional sexy sons benefit or whether there is an additional good genes component (with male offspring simply allocating their surplus condition to traits that enhance their mating success). The lack of any detectable differences in female fitness between the two treatments suggests the former, although the longevity advantage of males in the stud treatment when females were absent is consistent with the latter. Determining the effect of this indirect benefit on the evolution of female mate preferences (or resistance) will require comparable data on the direct costs of mating with various males, and an understanding of how these costs and benefits integrate across generations and vary among environments

Évaluation de l’impact économique du crédit d’impôt pour la compétitivité et l’emploi (CICE)

À la suite de la remise au Premier ministre du Rapport Gallois, le gouvernement a décidé, pour relancer la compétitivité et l'emploi en France, la création du Crédit d'impôt pour la compétitivité et l'emploi (CICE). Ouvert à toutes les entreprises, le CICE sera égal à 6 % de la masse salariale, hors cotisations patronales, correspondant aux salaires de moins de 2,5 SMIC. Représentant 20 milliards d'euros, son financement reposera pour moitié sur des économies supplémentaires sur les dépenses publiques, dont le détail n'a pas été précisé, et pour moitié sur des recettes fiscales : une réforme de la TVA à compter du 1er janvier 2014 et un renforcement de la fiscalité écologique. Le CICE diminuerait en moyenne de 2,6 % le coût du travail du secteur marchand : l'impact sectoriel le plus fort sur le coût du travail serait dans la construction (-3,0 %), l'industrie (-2,8 %) et les services marchands (-2,4 %). Le CICE représenterait 1,8 % de la valeur ajoutée des entreprises industrielles, 1,9 % de la valeur ajoutée de la construction et 1,3 % de celle des services marchands. Globalement, le CICE pèse pour 1,4 % dans la valeur ajoutée des entreprises du secteur marchand. Selon notre évaluation, réalisée à l'aide du modèle e-mod.fr, le CICE devrait permettre de créer, cinq ans après sa mise en place, environ 150 000 emplois faisant baisser le taux de chômage de 0,6 point et il générerait un gain de croissance de 0,1 point de PIB en 2018

Load control speed screw conveyer

<p>The flight paths of two blue bottle flies (<i>Calliphora vomitoria</i>) sampled from high-speed video (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0151099#pone.0151099.s002" target="_blank">S1 Movie</a>): A) at the rate of the visual system of a human (40 frames/s) and B) at the rate of a pied flycatcher (120 frames/s) at a light intensity of approximately 500 cdm^-2. The flycatcher refreshes visual input almost three times faster, resulting in a much more detailed view of the flight paths of the flies.</p

The evolution of harm: effect of sexual conflicts and population size

Conflicts of interest between mates can lead to the evolution of male traits reducing female fitness and to coevolution between the sexes. The rate of adaptation and counter-adaptation is constrained by the intensity of selection and its efficiency, which depends on drift and genetic variability. This leads to the largely untested prediction that coevolutionary adaptations such as those driven by sexual conflict should evolve faster in large populations where the response to selection is stronger and sexual selection is more intense. We test this using the bruchid beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, a species with well documented male harm. Whilst most experimental evolution studies remove sexual conflicts, we reintroduce sexual conflict in populations where it has been experimentally removed. Both population size and standing genetic variability were manipulated in a factorial experimental design. After 90 generations of relaxed conflict (monogamy), the reintroduction of sexual conflicts for 30 generations favoured males that harmed females and females more resistant to the genital damage inflicted by males. Large population size rather than high initial genetic variation allowed males to evolve faster and become more harmful. Sexual selection thus creates conditions where males benefit from harming females and this selection is more effective in larger populations

Impact force identification with pseudo-inverse method on a lightweight structure for under-determined, even-determined and over-determined cases

Force identification using inverse technique is important especially when direct measurement through force transducer is not possible. Considering the effects of impact excitation force on the integrity of a lightweight structure, impact force identification has become the subject of several studies. A methodology utilising Operating Deflection Shape (ODS) analysis, Frequency Response Function (FRF) measurement and pseudo-inverse method to evaluate the dynamic force is presented. A rectangular plate with four ground supports was used as a test rig to simulate the motions of a simple vehicle body. By using the measured responses at remote points that are away from impact locations and measured FRFs of the test rig, unknown force locations and their time histories can be recovered by the proposed method. The performance of this approach in various cases such as under-determined, even-determined and over-determined cases was experimentally demonstrated. Good and bad combinations of response locations were selected based on the condition number of FRF matrix. This force identification method was examined under different response combinations and various numbers of response locations. It shows that in the over-determined case, good combination of response locations (i.e. low average of condition number of FRF matrix) and high number of response locations give the best accuracy of force identification result compared to under-determined and even-determined cases