Ulucak Höyük: Pojav lončenine v zahodni Anatoliji

It has been increasingly clear that pottery was adopted as a continuous technology during the first quarter of the 7th millennium BC in a wide region, from Upper Mesopotamia through Central Anatolia and the Lakes District region. However, the absence of pottery in the basal level at Ulucak Höyük shows the presence of a pre-ceramic sequence in western Anatolia, before c. 6600/6500 cal BC. This article discusses the earliest pottery assemblage from Ulucak (6600/6500–6200 cal BC) and compares it with the later ceramic sequences at the site. Ultimately, the functional and typological developmental sequence of Neolithic pottery at Ulucak Höyük and its temporo-spatial relations with other Neolithic sites in Anatolia will be assessed.Vse bolj je jasno, da je bilo lončarstvo kot tehnologija sprejeto neprekinjeno v prvi četrtini 7. tisočletja pr. n. št. na širokem območju od zgornje Mezopotamije do osrednje Anatolije in območja jezer. Kljub temu odsotnost lončenine v najglobljih plasteh na najdišču Ulucak Höyük kaže na obstoj predkeramične sekvence v zahodni Anatoliji, in sicer pred ok. 6600/6500 pr. n. št. V članku razpravljamo o najzgodnejšem zbiru lončenine iz Ulucaka (6600/6500–6200 pr. n. št.) in ga primerjamo s kasnejšimi sekvencami keramike na tem najdišču. Na koncu ocenjujemo funkcionalno in tipološko razvojno sekvenco neolitske lončenine na najdišču Ulucak Höyük in njeno časovno in prostorsko povezavo z drugimi neolitskimi najdišči v Anatoliji

Fear of Compassion: Description, Causes and Prevention

All the procedures performed for the individual's mental health are aimed at increasing positive feelings and thoughts and reducing negative feelings and thoughts. But some individuals escape from positive emotions and thoughts and fear them. The sense of compassion may be one of the emotions that some people are afraid of, and try to remove from themselves for different reasons. Fear of compassion is caused by both the lack of compassion and the fear of the presence of compassion. This fear both affects the health of the individual negatively and may cause deterioration of social relations. Fear of compassion is also associated with health problems such as depression, stress, empathy, alexithymia, eating disorder, fear of happiness, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and panic disorder. Any treatment for these problems is closely linked to the identification of fear of compassion to be successful. The origin of fear of compassion is sometimes seen as an important cause of childhood traumas and sometimes the lack of a warm relationship with parents in childhood. The aim of this article is to define the concept of fear of compassion, to explain related concepts, to introduce related measurement tools and to raise awareness of help in this way

Yapay Sinir Ağlari Metodu İle Yağiş Tahmini

In this study, artificial neural network (ANN) models were developed as a new approach to estimate monthly total rainfall (RMT) for Isparta. Rainfall data from Senirkent, Uluborlu, Eğirdir, Yalvaç and Isparta stations in Isparta, operated by the Turkish State Meteorological Service were used to estimate RMT. The various models were developed to estimate RMT using ANN method. Also, multiple linear regression models were developed using the same input parameters for rainfall estimation. The results of ANN and multiple linear regression models were compared with measured rainfall values to evaluate performance of the developed models. The comparison showed that there was a good agreement between the ANN estimations and measured rainfall value

An assessment of metal pollution in surface sediments of Seyhan dam by using enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index and statistical analyses

The aim of this study was to determine if high concentrations of any heavy metals exist in the sediment of Seyhan Dam reservoir to be considered toxic to the aquatic environment. Surface sediment samples from five stations in the Seyhan dam were collected quarterly from 2004 to 2005 and examined for metal content (Cr, Zn Cu, Mn, Cd, Fe, Ca, K, and Na), organic matter, and grain size. Correlation analyses showed that metal content of Seyhan dam sediment was affected by organic matter and grain size. The results have been compared with values given in the literature. The evaluation of the metal pollution status of the dam was carried out by using the enrichment factor and the geoaccumulation index. A comparison with sediment quality guideline values has also been made. Based on the enrichment factor, dam sediments were treated as a moderately severe enrichment with Cd and minor enrichment with Cr and Mn. The results of geoaccumulation index reveal that sediments of Seyhan Dam were strongly polluted in stations 1, 2, 4, and 5, and were moderately polluted in station 3 with Cd. Moreover, Cd and Cr concentrations in the sediments were above TECs except ERL for Cd.This work was supported (SÜF 2004 BAP 4) by the research fund of Çukurova University, Turke

The Neolithic Worked Bone Assemblage from Ulucak Höyük, Western Anatolia

In this investigation we detail the results of a systematic analysis of worked animal bone from Ulucak, one of the earliest Neolithic sites in western Anatolia. The collection exhibits a wide range of types, including points, needles, spatulas, bevelled tools, perforated objects, and other unique objects. A study of the raw material shows a preference for sheep and goat long bones, while large-sized animal rib bones were also utilized. Manufacturing techniques employed included splitting, grooving, and abrasion, while a contextual analysis of the material underscores an intricate connection with other objects made from stone and clay. Items found in buildings relate to textile, leather, and ceramic production, while personal ornaments may have played a part in abandonment rituals. Examination of this assemblage is understood as a common set of regional tool types with some localized variations

The Course of Habituation of the Proboscis Extension Reflex Can Be Predicted by Sucrose Responsiveness in Drosophila

The proboscis extension reflex (PER) is triggered when insects’ gustatory receptors contact appetitive stimuli, so it provides a behavioral readout for perceptual encoding of tastants. Research on the experience dependent modulation of PER in Drosophila has been hindered by the difficulty of obtaining reliable measures of memory-driven change in PER probability in the background of larger changes induced by physiological state. In this study, we showed that the course of PER habituation can be predicted by the degree of sucrose responsiveness in Drosophila. We assessed early response parameters, including the number of proboscis extensions and labellar movements in the first five trials, the trial to start responding, and the trial to make the first stop to quantify responsiveness, which predicted the upcoming pattern of both the short-term and 1 hour memory of PER habituation for individual flies. The cAMP signaling pathway mutant rutabaga displayed deficits in attunement of perceptual salience of sucrose to physiological demands and stimulus-driven sensitization

Ancient goat genomes reveal mosaic domestication in the Fertile Crescent.

Current genetic data are equivocal as to whether goat domestication occurred multiple times or was a singular process. We generated genomic data from 83 ancient goats (51 with genome-wide coverage) from Paleolithic to Medieval contexts throughout the Near East. Our findings demonstrate that multiple divergent ancient wild goat sources were domesticated in a dispersed process that resulted in genetically and geographically distinct Neolithic goat populations, echoing contemporaneous human divergence across the region. These early goat populations contributed differently to modern goats in Asia, Africa, and Europe. We also detect early selection for pigmentation, stature, reproduction, milking, and response to dietary change, providing 8000-year-old evidence for human agency in molding genome variation within a partner species

Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in human mobility patterns in Holocene Southwest Asia and the East Mediterranean

We present a spatiotemporal picture of human genetic diversity in Anatolia, Iran, Levant, South Caucasus, and the Aegean, a broad region that experienced the earliest Neolithic transition and the emergence of complex hierarchical societies. Combining 35 new ancient shotgun genomes with 382 ancient and 23 present-day published genomes, we found that genetic diversity within each region steadily increased through the Holocene. We further observed that the inferred sources of gene flow shifted in time. In the first half of the Holocene, Southwest Asian and the East Mediterranean populations homogenized among themselves. Starting with the Bronze Age, however, regional populations diverged from each other, most likely driven by gene flow from external sources, which we term “the expanding mobility model.” Interestingly, this increase in inter-regional divergence can be captured by outgroup-f$_3$-based genetic distances, but not by the commonly used F$_{ST}$ statistic, due to the sensitivity of F$_{ST}$, but not outgroup-f$_3$, to within-population diversity. Finally, we report a temporal trend of increasing male bias in admixture events through the Holocene

Archaeogenetic analysis of Neolithic sheep from Anatolia suggests a complex demographic history since domestication

Yurtman, ozer, Yuncu et al. provide an ancient DNA data set to demonstrate the impact of human activity on the demographic history of domestic sheep. The authors demonstrate that there may have been multiple domestication events with notable changes to the gene pool of European and Anatolian sheep since the Neolithic. Sheep were among the first domesticated animals, but their demographic history is little understood. Here we analyzed nuclear polymorphism and mitochondrial data (mtDNA) from ancient central and west Anatolian sheep dating from Epipaleolithic to late Neolithic, comparatively with modern-day breeds and central Asian Neolithic/Bronze Age sheep (OBI). Analyzing ancient nuclear data, we found that Anatolian Neolithic sheep (ANS) are genetically closest to present-day European breeds relative to Asian breeds, a conclusion supported by mtDNA haplogroup frequencies. In contrast, OBI showed higher genetic affinity to present-day Asian breeds. These results suggest that the east-west genetic structure observed in present-day breeds had already emerged by 6000 BCE, hinting at multiple sheep domestication episodes or early wild introgression in southwest Asia. Furthermore, we found that ANS are genetically distinct from all modern breeds. Our results suggest that European and Anatolian domestic sheep gene pools have been strongly remolded since the Neolithic

Anadolu'da kentleşme süreci

ABSTRACT In contrast to other Near Eastern Civilizations, the number of reseaches on urbanization process in Anatolia is very limited. In these researches, however, the urbanization process have been assessed either in regional frame or under the head of some selected sites. The main goal of this dissertation which takes the urbanization process as a whole in Anatolia into consideration, to define the upper border of urbanization process in Anatolia in terms of both time and space, to clarify the internal and external dynamics of the this process, and to understand whether urbanization represents the homogenous process in whole regions of Anatolia in terms of time, quality and quantity. In the First Chapter represents the theoretical section of the study is explained the concepts of social complexity, urbanization and the factors caused the urbanization in the light of the other Near Eastern Civilizations. The Second Chapter is assigned for the different views suggested in relation to urbanization process in Anatolia. The definition of the upper border for the urbanization process in Anatolia in terms of time and space is also made in this chaper by evaluating the archaeological data from the settlements dating between Neolithic and Late Chalcolithic/EBA. In the Third Chapter, by taking the geography, settlement patterns and archaeological evidence (architecture, pottery, metal finds, seal and sealings) into consideration urbanization process is separately examined in 7 regions of Anatolia. As a conclusion, 3 different political and socio-economic developmental sequences have been defined in Anatolia: centralization, urbanization and a city model specific to territorial state. Centralization process first took place in the Elazığ-Malatya region and South-eastern Anatolia during the 4th millennium (Late Chalcolithic Period) while urbanization process is only seen in the South-eastern Anatolia between the dates of 2500- 2200/2100 BC. Third millennium BC (EBA) characterize the time-span in which centralization process spread whole of the Anatolia except for Eastern Anatolia. On contrary to other parts of the Anatolia, neither centralization nor urbanization took place in Eastern Anatolia until the Early Iron Age. First cities in Eastern Anatolia emerged Anatolia following the rise of the Urartian state during the first millennium BC. Unlike Mesopotamian cities, Urartian cities do not seem to be funtioned as commercial and/or economical centers. These cities display some common features specific to those found in territorial states.Diğer Yakın Doğu Uygarlıkları'nın aksine, Anadolu'da kentleşme süreci üzerine bugüne değin çok sınırlı sayıda araştırma yapılmıştır. Söz konusu çalışmalarda da, bu sürecin Anadolu'da bir bütün olarak ele alınmaktan ziyade, bölgesel ölçekte ya da belli yerleşim yerleri çerçevesinde tartışıldığı bilinmektedir. Kentleşme sürecini bir bütün olarak ele alan bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Anadolu'da kentleşme sürecinin zamansal olarak başlangıç sınırını çizmek, kentleşmeyi meydana getiren ana dinamikleri (yerel ve yabancı) saptamak ve kentleşmenin Anadolu'nun tüm bölgelerinde zamansal ya da nitelik ve nicelik açısından türdeş olup olmadığım belirmeye çalışmaktır. Bu amaçla tezin kuramsal bölümünü oluşturan ilk bölümde, öncelikle diğer Yakın Doğu Uygarlıkları esas alınarak kent ve kentleşme olgusu ile kentleşmeye neden olan faktörler tartışılmıştır. Tezin E. Bölüm'ünde, Anadolu'da kentleşme sürecinin başlangıcına ilişkin önerilen farklı görüşler belirtilerek, bu çalışmada kentleşme için kabul edilen zamansal sının belirlemek amacıyla, Neolitik Dönem'den Geç Kalkolitik/ETÇ'ma dek Anadolu'daki yerleşim yerlerinin siyasi ve sosyo-ekonomik gelişimi ele alınmıştır. Tezin III. Bölümü'nde ise, Anadolu'daki kentleşme süreci, yedi alt bölge çerçevesinde, coğrafya, yerleşim modelleri, ve arkeolojik kanıtlar (mimari, keramik, metal, mühür) dikkate alınarak incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, coğrafi açıdan türdeş özelliklere sahip olmayan Anadolu'yu, siyasi ve sosyo-ekonomik gelişim açısından da, merkezileşme, kentleşme ve 'teritoryal' devlete özgü kent modeli olmak üzere, 3 farklı sürecin karakterize ettiği belirlenmiştir. Merkezileşme süreci, ilk olarak Elazığ-Malatya Bölgesi ve Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde MÖ 4. binyılda (Geç Kalkolitik Dönem) görülmektedir. Kentleşme süreci, Anadolu'da sadece, MÖ 2500- 2200/2100 tarihleri arasında Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde saptanmıştır. Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi hariç olmak üzere Anadolu'nun geri kalan kısmım ise, MÖ 3. binyılda (ETÇ'nda) merkezileşme süreci karakterize etmektedir. Anadolu'nun diğer bölümlerinin aksine, Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde Erken Demir Çağı'na dek merkezileşme ya da kentleşme süreci görülmemekte ve bu bölgeyi söz konusu dönemlerde ekonomik açıdan kendine yeter köyler temsil etmektedir. Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde, kentler, MÖ 1. binyılda Urartu Devleti'nin yükselişinin akabinde görülmektedir. Mezopotamya kentlerinin aksine, Urartu kentleri, ekonomik yaşamın merkezi ya da birer ticaret merkezi şeklinde işleve sahip gibi görünmemektedirler. Bu nedenle Urartular tarafından bölgede inşa edilen ve öncülü (ardılı) görülmeyen kentler yapısal açıdan, 'teritoryal 'devlete özgü kent modeli olarak tanımlanmıştı