1,528 research outputs found

    Teaching programme for 1º de Bachillerato: English as a foreign language

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    Máster Universitario en Formación del Profesorado de ESO, Bachillerato, Formación Profesional y Enseñanza de Idiomas. Especialidad en Inglés (M086

    Mathematical Expression Recognition based on Probabilistic Grammars

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    [EN] Mathematical notation is well-known and used all over the world. Humankind has evolved from simple methods representing countings to current well-defined math notation able to account for complex problems. Furthermore, mathematical expressions constitute a universal language in scientific fields, and many information resources containing mathematics have been created during the last decades. However, in order to efficiently access all that information, scientific documents have to be digitized or produced directly in electronic formats. Although most people is able to understand and produce mathematical information, introducing math expressions into electronic devices requires learning specific notations or using editors. Automatic recognition of mathematical expressions aims at filling this gap between the knowledge of a person and the input accepted by computers. This way, printed documents containing math expressions could be automatically digitized, and handwriting could be used for direct input of math notation into electronic devices. This thesis is devoted to develop an approach for mathematical expression recognition. In this document we propose an approach for recognizing any type of mathematical expression (printed or handwritten) based on probabilistic grammars. In order to do so, we develop the formal statistical framework such that derives several probability distributions. Along the document, we deal with the definition and estimation of all these probabilistic sources of information. Finally, we define the parsing algorithm that globally computes the most probable mathematical expression for a given input according to the statistical framework. An important point in this study is to provide objective performance evaluation and report results using public data and standard metrics. We inspected the problems of automatic evaluation in this field and looked for the best solutions. We also report several experiments using public databases and we participated in several international competitions. Furthermore, we have released most of the software developed in this thesis as open source. We also explore some of the applications of mathematical expression recognition. In addition to the direct applications of transcription and digitization, we report two important proposals. First, we developed mucaptcha, a method to tell humans and computers apart by means of math handwriting input, which represents a novel application of math expression recognition. Second, we tackled the problem of layout analysis of structured documents using the statistical framework developed in this thesis, because both are two-dimensional problems that can be modeled with probabilistic grammars. The approach developed in this thesis for mathematical expression recognition has obtained good results at different levels. It has produced several scientific publications in international conferences and journals, and has been awarded in international competitions.[ES] La notación matemática es bien conocida y se utiliza en todo el mundo. La humanidad ha evolucionado desde simples métodos para representar cuentas hasta la notación formal actual capaz de modelar problemas complejos. Además, las expresiones matemáticas constituyen un idioma universal en el mundo científico, y se han creado muchos recursos que contienen matemáticas durante las últimas décadas. Sin embargo, para acceder de forma eficiente a toda esa información, los documentos científicos han de ser digitalizados o producidos directamente en formatos electrónicos. Aunque la mayoría de personas es capaz de entender y producir información matemática, introducir expresiones matemáticas en dispositivos electrónicos requiere aprender notaciones especiales o usar editores. El reconocimiento automático de expresiones matemáticas tiene como objetivo llenar ese espacio existente entre el conocimiento de una persona y la entrada que aceptan los ordenadores. De este modo, documentos impresos que contienen fórmulas podrían digitalizarse automáticamente, y la escritura se podría utilizar para introducir directamente notación matemática en dispositivos electrónicos. Esta tesis está centrada en desarrollar un método para reconocer expresiones matemáticas. En este documento proponemos un método para reconocer cualquier tipo de fórmula (impresa o manuscrita) basado en gramáticas probabilísticas. Para ello, desarrollamos el marco estadístico formal que deriva varias distribuciones de probabilidad. A lo largo del documento, abordamos la definición y estimación de todas estas fuentes de información probabilística. Finalmente, definimos el algoritmo que, dada cierta entrada, calcula globalmente la expresión matemática más probable de acuerdo al marco estadístico. Un aspecto importante de este trabajo es proporcionar una evaluación objetiva de los resultados y presentarlos usando datos públicos y medidas estándar. Por ello, estudiamos los problemas de la evaluación automática en este campo y buscamos las mejores soluciones. Asimismo, presentamos diversos experimentos usando bases de datos públicas y hemos participado en varias competiciones internacionales. Además, hemos publicado como código abierto la mayoría del software desarrollado en esta tesis. También hemos explorado algunas de las aplicaciones del reconocimiento de expresiones matemáticas. Además de las aplicaciones directas de transcripción y digitalización, presentamos dos propuestas importantes. En primer lugar, desarrollamos mucaptcha, un método para discriminar entre humanos y ordenadores mediante la escritura de expresiones matemáticas, el cual representa una novedosa aplicación del reconocimiento de fórmulas. En segundo lugar, abordamos el problema de detectar y segmentar la estructura de documentos utilizando el marco estadístico formal desarrollado en esta tesis, dado que ambos son problemas bidimensionales que pueden modelarse con gramáticas probabilísticas. El método desarrollado en esta tesis para reconocer expresiones matemáticas ha obtenido buenos resultados a diferentes niveles. Este trabajo ha producido varias publicaciones en conferencias internacionales y revistas, y ha sido premiado en competiciones internacionales.[CA] La notació matemàtica és ben coneguda i s'utilitza a tot el món. La humanitat ha evolucionat des de simples mètodes per representar comptes fins a la notació formal actual capaç de modelar problemes complexos. A més, les expressions matemàtiques constitueixen un idioma universal al món científic, i s'han creat molts recursos que contenen matemàtiques durant les últimes dècades. No obstant això, per accedir de forma eficient a tota aquesta informació, els documents científics han de ser digitalitzats o produïts directament en formats electrònics. Encara que la majoria de persones és capaç d'entendre i produir informació matemàtica, introduir expressions matemàtiques en dispositius electrònics requereix aprendre notacions especials o usar editors. El reconeixement automàtic d'expressions matemàtiques té per objectiu omplir aquest espai existent entre el coneixement d'una persona i l'entrada que accepten els ordinadors. D'aquesta manera, documents impresos que contenen fórmules podrien digitalitzar-se automàticament, i l'escriptura es podria utilitzar per introduir directament notació matemàtica en dispositius electrònics. Aquesta tesi està centrada en desenvolupar un mètode per reconèixer expressions matemàtiques. En aquest document proposem un mètode per reconèixer qualsevol tipus de fórmula (impresa o manuscrita) basat en gramàtiques probabilístiques. Amb aquesta finalitat, desenvolupem el marc estadístic formal que deriva diverses distribucions de probabilitat. Al llarg del document, abordem la definició i estimació de totes aquestes fonts d'informació probabilística. Finalment, definim l'algorisme que, donada certa entrada, calcula globalment l'expressió matemàtica més probable d'acord al marc estadístic. Un aspecte important d'aquest treball és proporcionar una avaluació objectiva dels resultats i presentar-los usant dades públiques i mesures estàndard. Per això, estudiem els problemes de l'avaluació automàtica en aquest camp i busquem les millors solucions. Així mateix, presentem diversos experiments usant bases de dades públiques i hem participat en diverses competicions internacionals. A més, hem publicat com a codi obert la majoria del software desenvolupat en aquesta tesi. També hem explorat algunes de les aplicacions del reconeixement d'expressions matemàtiques. A més de les aplicacions directes de transcripció i digitalització, presentem dues propostes importants. En primer lloc, desenvolupem mucaptcha, un mètode per discriminar entre humans i ordinadors mitjançant l'escriptura d'expressions matemàtiques, el qual representa una nova aplicació del reconeixement de fórmules. En segon lloc, abordem el problema de detectar i segmentar l'estructura de documents utilitzant el marc estadístic formal desenvolupat en aquesta tesi, donat que ambdós són problemes bidimensionals que poden modelar-se amb gramàtiques probabilístiques. El mètode desenvolupat en aquesta tesi per reconèixer expressions matemàtiques ha obtingut bons resultats a diferents nivells. Aquest treball ha produït diverses publicacions en conferències internacionals i revistes, i ha sigut premiat en competicions internacionals.Álvaro Muñoz, F. (2015). Mathematical Expression Recognition based on Probabilistic Grammars [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/51665TESI

    Designing user experiences: a game engine for the blind

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    Video games experience an ever-increasing interest by society since their inception on the 70’s. This form of computer entertainment may let the player have a great time with family and friends, or it may as well provide immersion into a story full of details and emotional content. Prior to the end user playing a video game, a huge effort is performed in lots of disciplines: screenwriting, scenery design, graphical design, programming, optimization or marketing are but a few examples. This work is done by game studios, where teams of professionals from different backgrounds join forces in the inception of the video game. From the perspective of Human-Computer Interaction, which studies how people interact with computers to complete tasks, a game developer can be regarded as a user whose task is to create the logic of a video game using a computer. One of the main foundations of HCI. is that an in-depth understanding of the user’s needs and preferences is vital for creating a usable piece of technology. This point is important as a single piece of technology (in this case, the set of tools used by a game developer) may – and should have been designed to – be used on the same team by users with different knowledge, abilities and capabilities. Embracing this diversity of users functional capabilities is the core foundation of accessibility, which is tightly related to and studied from the discipline of HCI. The driving force behind this research is a question that came after considering game developers: Could someone develop a video game being fully or partially blind? Would it be possible for these users to be part of a game development team? What should be taken into account to cover their particular needs and preferences so that they could perform this task being comfortable and productive? The goal of this work is to propose a possible solution that can assure inclusion of fully or partially blind users in the context of computer game development. To do this, a Used Centered Design methodology has been followed. This approach is ideal in this case as it starts including people you’re designing for and ends with new solutions that are tailor made to suit their needs. First, previously designed solutions for this problem and related works have been analyzed. Secondly, an exploratory study has been performed to know how should the target user be able to interact with a computer when developing games, and design insights are drawn from both the state of the art analysis and the study results. Next, a solution has been proposed based on the design insights, and a prototype has been implemented. The solution has been evaluated with accessibility guidelines. It has been finally concluded that the proposed solution is accessible for visually impaired users.Ingeniería Informátic

    Off-line Recognition of Printed Mathematical Expressions Using Stochastic Context-Free Grammars

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    Off-line recognition of printed mathematical expressions consists of three major steps: segmentation, symbol recognition and structural analysis. In this work we study an approach based on a twodimensional extension of context-free grammars parsing. Finally, some experiments are reported to evaluate the developed system.Álvaro Muñoz, F. (2010). Off-line Recognition of Printed Mathematical Expressions Using Stochastic Context-Free Grammars. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/13732Archivo delegad

    Using adaptive hypermedia to support diversity in secondary schools

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    Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works. F. Muñoz, and A. Ortigosa, “Using adaptive hypermedia to support diversity in secondary schools”, in Sixth International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, 2006, Kerkrade, 2006, pp. 1055-1059Attention to diversity is growing concern in public secondary schools in Spain. This paper presents an assessment about the use of adaptive hypermedia technology for supporting diversity. Three experiences were carried out with an adaptive course on mathematics to test the effects of this technology on the heterogeneous population of secondary schools. Their results and conclusions are also presentedThis work has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Education, TIN2004-03140

    Propuesta para la optimización de la información exógena de las empresas CLIENTES ASESORO S.A.S.

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    "Elaborar una propuesta para la optimización de la información exógena de las empresas clientes ASESORO SAS.""La empresa Asesoro SAS es una compañía que nace por la necesidad de crear empresa de manera independiente y así poder aplicar los conocimientos adquiridos en la experiencia laboral con el fin de prestar servicios en las áreas contables, tributarias, NIIF, Fiscal, Auditorias Financieras, Reorganización de empresas y Liquidación de empresas. Unos de los más grandes desafíos que se enfrentó la empresa tiene que ver con la entrega de la información exógena, la cual es un requisito establecido por la DIAN y actualmente se encuentra regulada por la Resolución 011004 de 29 Octubre 2018. Lo anterior produjo que se tuviera que organizar el trabajo de tal forma que las empresas pudieran dar cumplimiento a la entrega de dicha información de una manera confiable y eficaz."The company ASESORO SAS is a company that is born by the need to create an independent business and thus be able to apply the knowledge acquired in the work experience in order to provide services in the accounting areas, tax, IFRS, Tax, Financial Audits, Business Reorganization and Corporate Liquidation.One of the biggest challenges faced by the company has to do with the delivery of exogenous information, which is a requirement established by DIAN and is currently regulated by Resolution 011004 of 29 October 2018. This meant that work had to be organized in such a way that companies could deliver on such information in a reliable and effective manner

    Circulaciones incesantes de objetos indígenas andino-coloniales: qeros, mates y cocos de plata de Francisca Palla (Arequipa, 1564)

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    This article presents unpublished documents recently found in the Arequipa Regional Archive, specifically an inventory of possessions and an auction of property belonging to doña Francisca Palla, who passed away in 1564. Based on these sources, some objects such as mates, qeros and cocos de plata are identified as elements having pre-hispanic roots in an early colonial context. Moreover, their circulation contexts are identified based on auctions in almoneda pública which therefore resulted in new ownership. Thus, these objects become part of new connections of circulation which will build new routes and new owners for these objects of prestige in the Colonial Southern Andes.Este artículo presenta documentos inéditos encontrados recientemente en el Archivo Regional de Arequipa, específicamente un inventario de bienes y un remate de bienes de doña Francisca Palla, fallecida en 1564. En base a estos materiales se identifican objetos de raigambre prehispánica en un contexto colonial temprano, como mates, qeros y cocos de plata. Además, se reconocen sus contextos de circulación, los que se constituyen a partir del remate en almoneda pública, surgiendo así nuevos poseedores. De esta manera, estos objetos entran a formar parte de nuevas tramas de circulación, las que irán construyendo nuevos itinerarios y propietarios de estos bienes de prestigio en los Andes sur coloniales
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