Analisis Potensi Dan Pola Penyebaran Pohon Berdasarkan Topografi Di Taman Nasional Lore Lindu Menggunakan Sistem Informasi Geografis

The distribution pattern of plant species is necessary information for the manager of a conservation area. Spatial patterns obtained from tropical rain forests are an important key to understanding the presence and abundance of tree species. Spatial distribution that occurs in species depends on topography, the position of the parent tree, in tropical forests is closely related to the distribution of soil resources. This study aims to determine the potential and pattern of tree distribution based on topography in Lore Lindu National Park using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. This research was conducted for three months, from June 2020 - August 2020 in the Lore Lindu National Park, Sedoa Village, North Lore District, Poso Regency. The results of the research on the potential and distribution of trees in the Lore Lindu National Park area can be concluded that the distribution pattern of the topographic class 8-15% (sloping) indicates that the distribution of the determined vegetation has two distributions, namely random and group. The distribution pattern in the topographic class 15-25% (Slightly Steep) shows a random and group distribution. The distribution of trees in the topographical class of 25-45% (steep) indicates that the distribution of vegetation has two distribution patterns, namely random and group distribution. Topography 24-45% (steep) has an average diameter of 28.02 cm to 35.20 cm. Topography 15-25% (Slightly Steep) has an average diameter of 31.40 cm to 37.06, and topography of 8-15% has an average diameter of 36.34 cm to 39.26 cm.Keywords: Distribution Pattern, Geographic Information System, Lore Lindu National Par

Produktivitas vegetasi di cagar alam Karaenta, kabupaten maros, sulawesi Selatan= Structure, Composition, and Vegetation Productivity at Karaenta Nature Reserve, Maros Regency, South Sulawesi

. This research had been done at Karaenta nature reserve. The purpose of this study were to identify the stand structure, vegetation composition, the relation between vegetation pattern and environment, and litter production at Karaenta nature reserve. The methods of this study were timber survey method for analyzing stand structure and quadrat method, and ordination method was used to know correlation between vegetation pattern and environment . Litter production were obtained by litter traps. There are three type of stand structures based on tree densities distribution on various stem diameter classes. Type 1 has tree densities mostly on stem diameter classes of < 3 am Type 2 has tree densities mostly on stem diameter classes of 3 - 5 an and type 3 has tree densities mostly on stem diameter classes of 5 - 10 an. These three type of stand structures composed total tree basal area of 51,39 %, 37,01 %, 11,87 % successively. Apparently land slope factor influences tree densities distribution, diversity index, and richness index between those three type of stand structures. There is no correlation between stand basal area and stand tree individuals. Based on basal area Pangium edule is the most dominant species and Cesaeria grewiaefolia is the spesies that has the highes number of individuals. Population structure of Polyalthia celebica, Euodia sp, and Villebrunea sp have reverse J shape curve tree densities distribution, while population structure of Pangium edule, Euodia sp, Palagium obtusifolium, Pometia pinnata, Arthocarpus glaucus, and Hibiscus similis have normal curve tree densities distribution. Neither Y/X nor Z/X ordination patterns showed clear separation based on slope factor but there is a tendency that the stands of higher slope occupy on the right hand of Z/X ordination. Litter production of Karaenta nature reserve ranging from 8.27 to 9.47 t/ha/year. This litter production is lower compared to litter production of other tropic regions. Key Words : Stand Structure, vegetation composition, lit ter productivity, Karaenta nature reserve

Contrasting Patterns of Tree Growth of Mediterranean Pine Species in the Iberian Peninsula

Wood formation is the primary biological process through which carbon is durably sequestered in woody plants, and is thus a major contributor to mitigate climate change. We analyzed the tree growth patterns of four conifer species across the Iberian Peninsula (IP) based on a dense dendrochronological network (179 sites) combined with a high resolution climate dataset. Generalized linear-mixed models were used to predict the potential tree growth of different pine species under different climate conditions considering different age classes. We found a strong age dependency of tree growth, significant variations across the climate gradients, and a significant interaction of both age and climate effects on the four species considered. Overall, Pinus halepensis was the species with the highest climate sensitivity and the highest growth rates in all age classes and across its distribution area. Due to its stronger plastic character and its potential adaptability, Pinus halepensis was demonstrated to be the most suitable species in terms of tree growth and potentiality to enhance carbon sequestration in the IP. Since its potential distribution largely exceeds its actual distribution, P. halepensis arises as a key species to cope with future climate conditions and to keep fixing carbon regardless of the climatic circumstances

Neither Host-specific nor Random: Vascular Epiphytes on Three Tree Species in a Panamanian Lowland Forest

• Background and Aims A possible role of host tree identity in the structuring of vascular epiphyte communities has attracted scientific attention for decades. Specifically, it has been suggested that each host tree species has a specific subset of the local species pool according to its own set of properties, e.g. physicochemical characteristics of the bark, tree architecture, or leaf phenology patterns. • Methods A novel, quantitative approach to this question is presented, taking advantage of a complete census of the vascular epiphyte community in 0·4 ha of undisturbed lowland forest in Panama. For three locally common host-tree species (Socratea exorrhiza, Marila laxiflora, Perebea xanthochyma) null models were created of the expected epiphyte assemblages assuming that epiphyte colonization reflected random distribution of epiphytes in the forest. • Key Results In all three tree species, abundances of the majority of epiphyte species (69-81 %) were indistinguishable from random, while the remaining species were about equally over- or under-represented compared with their occurrence in the entire forest plot. Permutations based on the number of colonized trees (reflecting observed spatial patchiness) yielded similar results. Finally, a third analysis (canonical correspondence analysis) also confirmed host-specific differences in epiphyte assemblages. In spite of pronounced preferences of some epiphytes for particular host trees, no epiphyte species was restricted to a single host. • Conclusions The epiphytes on a given tree species are not simply a random sample of the local species pool, but there are no indications of host specificity eithe

Spatial patterns of bacteria show that members of higher taxa share ecological characteristics

Affiche, résuméWhether bacteria display spatial patterns of distribution and at which level of taxonomic organisation such patterns can be observed are central questions in microbial ecology. Here we investigated how the total and relative abundances of eight bacterial taxa at the phylum or class level were spatially distributed in a pasture by using quantitative PCR. Geostatistical modelling was used to analyse the spatial patterns of the taxa distributions. To test whether the spatial distributions of the different taxa were related to soil heterogeneity, we performed exploratory analyses of relationships between abundance of the bacterial taxa and key soil properties. The distributions of the relative abundance of most taxa varied by a factor of 2.5 to 6.5 and displayed strong spatial patterns at the field scale with autocorrelation ranging between 2 to 37 m. These spatial patterns were taxon-specific and correlated to soil properties, which indicates that members of a bacterial clade defined at high taxonomical levels shared specific ecological traits in the pasture. Overall, the present study showed spatial patterns of distribution of bacteria both at the meter scale and at high taxonomical levels of organisation. Such spatial patterns allow comprehensive observations and predictions of bacterial occurrence in nature, hence helping in the generation of hypotheses concerning the mechanisms generating and maintaining bacterial diversity. The taxa-specific spatial patterns observed here suggest that, in a given environment, ecological traits are shared at high taxonomic levels within the domain Bacteria. This is a piece of evidence that the 16S rRNA gene tree divisions are not only based on evolutionary theory, but also have an ecological reality

Mapping Genetic Diversity of Cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.): Application of Spatial Analysis for Conservation and Use of Plant Genetic Resources

There is a growing call for inventories that evaluate geographic patterns in diversity of plant genetic resources maintained on farm and in species' natural populations in order to enhance their use and conservation. Such evaluations are relevant for useful tropical and subtropical tree species, as many of these species are still undomesticated, or in incipient stages of domestication and local populations can offer yet-unknown traits of high value to further domestication. For many outcrossing species, such as most trees, inbreeding depression can be an issue, and genetic diversity is important to sustain local production. Diversity is also crucial for species to adapt to environmental changes. This paper explores the possibilities of incorporating molecular marker data into Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to allow visualization and better understanding of spatial patterns of genetic diversity as a key input to optimize conservation and use of plant genetic resources, based on a case study of cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.), a Neotropical fruit tree species. We present spatial analyses to (1) improve the understanding of spatial distribution of genetic diversity of cherimoya natural stands and cultivated trees in Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru based on microsatellite molecular markers (SSRs); and (2) formulate optimal conservation strategies by revealing priority areas for in situ conservation, and identifying existing diversity gaps in ex situ collections. We found high levels of allelic richness, locally common alleles and expected heterozygosity in cherimoya's putative centre of origin, southern Ecuador and northern Peru, whereas levels of diversity in southern Peru and especially in Bolivia were significantly lower. The application of GIS on a large microsatellite dataset allows a more detailed prioritization of areas for in situ conservation and targeted collection across the Andean distribution range of cherimoya than previous studies could do, i.e. at province and department level in Ecuador and Peru, respectively

The invariances of power law size distributions

Size varies. Small things are typically more frequent than large things. The logarithm of frequency often declines linearly with the logarithm of size. That power law relation forms one of the common patterns of nature. Why does the complexity of nature reduce to such a simple pattern? Why do things as different as tree size and enzyme rate follow similarly simple patterns? Here I analyze such patterns by their invariant properties. For example, a common pattern should not change when adding a constant value to all observations. That shift is essentially the renumbering of the points on a ruler without changing the metric information provided by the ruler. A ruler is shift invariant only when its scale is properly calibrated to the pattern being measured. Stretch invariance corresponds to the conservation of the total amount of something, such as the total biomass and consequently the average size. Rotational invariance corresponds to pattern that does not depend on the order in which underlying processes occur, for example, a scale that additively combines the component processes leading to observed values. I use tree size as an example to illustrate how the key invariances shape pattern. A simple interpretation of common pattern follows. That simple interpretation connects the normal distribution to a wide variety of other common patterns through the transformations of scale set by the fundamental invariances.Comment: Added appendix discussing the lognormal distribution, updated to match version 2 of published version at F1000Researc

A Selectivity based approach to Continuous Pattern Detection in Streaming Graphs

Cyber security is one of the most significant technical challenges in current times. Detecting adversarial activities, prevention of theft of intellectual properties and customer data is a high priority for corporations and government agencies around the world. Cyber defenders need to analyze massive-scale, high-resolution network flows to identify, categorize, and mitigate attacks involving networks spanning institutional and national boundaries. Many of the cyber attacks can be described as subgraph patterns, with prominent examples being insider infiltrations (path queries), denial of service (parallel paths) and malicious spreads (tree queries). This motivates us to explore subgraph matching on streaming graphs in a continuous setting. The novelty of our work lies in using the subgraph distributional statistics collected from the streaming graph to determine the query processing strategy. We introduce a "Lazy Search" algorithm where the search strategy is decided on a vertex-to-vertex basis depending on the likelihood of a match in the vertex neighborhood. We also propose a metric named "Relative Selectivity" that is used to select between different query processing strategies. Our experiments performed on real online news, network traffic stream and a synthetic social network benchmark demonstrate 10-100x speedups over selectivity agnostic approaches.Comment: in 18th International Conference on Extending Database Technology (EDBT) (2015