An approach for heavy metal pollution detected from spatio-temporal stability of stress in rice using satellite images

Stable stressors on crops (e.g., salts, heavy metals), which are characterized by stable spatial patterns over time, are harmful to agricultural production and food security. Satellite data provide temporally and spatially continuous synoptic observations of stable stress on crops. This study presents a method for identifying rice under stable stress (i.e., Cd stress) and exploring its spatio-temporal characteristics indicators. The study area is a major rice growing region located in Hunan Province, China. Moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Landsat images from 2008–2017 as well as in situ measurements were collected. The coupling of a leaf canopy radiative transfer model with the World Food Study Model (WOFOST) via a wavelet transform isolated the effects of Cd stress from other abrupt stressors. An area wavelet transform stress signal (AWTS), based on a time-series Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), was used to detect rice under Cd stress, and its spatio-temporal variation metrics explored. The results indicate that spatial variation coefficients (SVC) of AWTS in the range of 0–1 ha d a coverage area greater than 70% in each experimental region, regardless of the year. Over ten years, the temporal variation coefficients (TVC) of AWTS in the range of 0–1 occurred frequently (more than 60% of the time). In addition, the Pearson correlation coefficient of AWTS over two consecutive years was usually greater than 0.5. We conclude that a combination of multi-year satellite-derived vegetation index data with a physical model simulation is an effective and novel method for detecting crops under environmental stress. A wavelet transform proved promising in differentiating between the effects of stable stress and abrupt stress on rice and may offer a way forward for diagnosing crop stress at continental and global scales

Assimilation of remote sensing into crop growth models: Current status and perspectives

Timely monitoring of crop lands is important in order to make agricultural activities more sustainable, as well as ensuring food security. The use of Earth Observation (EO) data allows crop monitoring at a range of spatial scales, but can be hampered by limitations in the data. Crop growth modelling, on the other hand, can be used to simulate the physiological processes that result in crop development. Data assimilation (DA) provides a way of blending the monitoring properties of EO data with the predictive and explanatory abilities of crop growth models. In this paper, we first provide a critique of both the advantages and disadvantages of both EO data and crop growth models. We use this to introduce a solid and robust framework for DA, where different DA methods are shown to be derived from taking different assumptions in solving for the a posteriori probability density function (pdf) using Bayes’ rule. This treatment allows us to provide some recommendation on the choice of DA method for particular applications. We comment on current computational challenges in scaling DA applications to large spatial scales. Future areas of research are sketched, with an emphasis on DA as an enabler for blending different observations, as well as facilitating different approaches to crop growth models. We have illustrated this review with a large number of examples from the literature

Assessing Vegetation Decline Due to Pollution from Solid Waste Management by a Multitemporal Remote Sensing Approach

Nowadays, the huge production of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is one of the most strongly felt environmental issues. Consequently, the European Union (EU) delivers laws and regulations for better waste management, identifying the essential requirements for waste disposal operations and the characteristics that make waste hazardous to human health and the envi-ronment. In Italy, environmental regulations define, among other things, the characteristics of sites to be classified as “potentially contaminated”. From this perspective, the Basilicata region is cur-rently one of the Italian regions with the highest number of potentially polluted sites in proportion to the number of inhabitants. This research aimed to identify the possible effects of potentially toxic element (PTE) pollution due to waste disposal activities in three “potentially contaminated” sites in southern Italy. The area was affected by a release of inorganic pollutants with values over the thresholds ruled by national/European legislation. Potential physiological efficiency variations of vegetation were analyzed through the multitemporal processing of satellite images. Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) images were used to calcu-late the trend in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) over the years. The mul-titemporal trends were analyzed using the median of the non-parametric Theil–Sen estimator. Fi-nally, the Mann–Kendall test was applied to evaluate trend significance featuring areas according to the contamination effects on investigated vegetation. The applied procedure led to the exclu-sion of significant effects on vegetation due to PTEs. Thus, waste disposal activities during previ-ous years do not seem to have significantly affected vegetation around targeted sites

In-season crop yield forecasting in Africa by coupling remote sensing and crop modeling: A systematic literature review

Timely and accurate estimation of crop yield before harvest is crucial for national food policy and security assessments. Crop models and remote sensing techniques have been combined and applied in crop yield estimation on a regional scale. Previous studies have proposed models for estimating canopy state variables and soil properties based on remote sensing data and assimilating these estimated canopy state variables into crop models. This paper presents an overview of the comparative introduction, latest developments and applications of crop models, remote sensing techniques, and data assimilation methods in the growth status monitoring and yield estimation of crops, facilitating the improvement of crop models and RS coupling approach in Africa

Recent Developments and Applications of the HYDRUS Computer Software Packages

The HYDRUS-1D and HYDRUS (2D/3D) computer software packages are widely used finite-element models for simulating the one- and two- or three-dimensional movement of water, heat, and multiple solutes in variably saturated media, respectively. In 2008, Šimůnek et al. (2008b) described the entire history of the development of the various HYDRUS programs and related models and tools such as STANMOD, RETC, ROSETTA, UNSODA, UNSATCHEM, HP1, and others. The objective of this manuscript is to review selected capabilities of HYDRUS that have been implemented since 2008. Our review is not limited to listing additional processes that were implemented in the standard computational modules, but also describes many new standard and nonstandard specialized add-on modules that significantly expanded the capabilities of the two software packages. We also review additional capabilities that have been incorporated into the graphical user interface (GUI) that supports the use of HYDRUS (2D/3D). Another objective of this manuscript is to review selected applications of the HYDRUS models such as evaluation of various irrigation schemes, evaluation of the effects of plant water uptake on groundwater recharge, assessing the transport of particle-like substances in the subsurface, and using the models in conjunction with various geophysical methods

Remote Sensing in Agriculture: State-of-the-Art

The Special Issue on “Remote Sensing in Agriculture: State-of-the-Art” gives an exhaustive overview of the ongoing remote sensing technology transfer into the agricultural sector. It consists of 10 high-quality papers focusing on a wide range of remote sensing models and techniques to forecast crop production and yield, to map agricultural landscape and to evaluate plant and soil biophysical features. Satellite, RPAS, and SAR data were involved. This preface describes shortly each contribution published in such Special Issue

Benefits and trade-offs of legume-led crop rotations on crop performance and soil erosion at various scales in SW Kenya

Soil erosion and land fragmentation threaten agricultural production in large parts of the Western Kenyan Highlands. In Rongo watershed, maizecommon bean intercropping systems, which dominate the agricultural landscape, are vulnerable to soil degradation, especially on long slope lengths where ground and canopy cover provision fail to protect the soil from the disruptive impact of raindrops. The inclusion of soil conservation measures like hedgerows, cover crops or mulch can reduce soil erosion, but compete with crops for space and labour. Knowledge of critical slope length can minimise interventions and tradeoffs. Hence, we evaluated maizecommon bean intercrop (MzBn) regarding runoff, erosion and crop yield in a slope length trial on 20, 60 and 84 m plot lengths, replicated twice on three farms during one rainy season in Rongo, Migori County. Additionally, we investigated systems of MzBn (farmers practice), MzBn with 5 Mg ha-1 Calliandra calothyrsus mulch (Mul), Arachis hypogaea (Gnt), Lablab purpureus (Lab) and Mucuna pruriens (Muc), regarding their impact on infiltration, runoff, soil loss, soil C and N loss during three rainy seasons (long and short rains, LR and SR, 2016, and LR 2017). Measured field data on soil, crop, spatial maps and meteorology were used as input datasets to parameterize and calibrate the LUCIA model. The calibrated and validated model was then used to simulate agronomic management scenarios related to planting date (planting with first rain vs baseline) and vegetation cultivar (short duration crop) to mitigate water stress. Based on the measurements, groundcover was most influential over rainfall intensity (EI30) and plant canopy cover in predicting soil loss. Dense groundcover of Mul at the beginning of the rainy seasons was decisive to significantly (p 5mm) in the topsoil under Mul at the end of SR 2016 significantly (p<0.05) increased infiltration rates (420 mm hr-1) in LR 2017 compared to Lab (200 mm hr-1) and Gnt (240 mm hr-1). Average C and N concentrations in eroded sediments were significantly reduced under Mul (0.74 kg C ha1, 0.07 kg N ha1) during the LR 2016 as compared to MzBn (3.20 kg C ha1, 0.28 kg N ha1) and Gnt (2.54 kg C ha1, 0.23 kg N ha1). Likewise, in SR 2016 Mul showed significantly lowered C and N losses of 3.26 kg C ha1 and 0.27 kg N ha1, respectively, over Lab (9.82 kg C ha1, 0.89 kg N ha1). Soil loss over 84 m slope length was overall significantly higher by magnitudes of 250 and 710% than on 60 and 20 m long plots, respectively, which did not differ significantly among each other (p<0.05). For runoff, 84 m plot length differed significantly from 60 and 20 m, but in the opposite trend as for soil loss. Across all three farms, slope gradient and slope length were the variables with highest explanatory power to predict soil loss. At the individual farm level, under homogeneous slope and texture, slope length and profile curvature were most influential. Considering results of slope length experiments, plot lengths less than 50 m appear to be preferential considering soil loss, sediment load, and soil loss to yield ratio under the given rainfall, soil and slope conditions. Our results call for integrating slope length options and cropping systems for effective soil conservation. We recommend planting Mucuna and Calliandrahedgerows as buffer strips below the critical slope length, and legume cash crops and maize uphill. Such approaches are critical in the backdrop of land fragmentation and labour limitation in the region to sustainably maximise land area. In the modelling exercise, crops planted one and three weeks after the baseline planting date increased Maize and Muc grain yield over the baseline during the three cropping seasons, the three weeks treatment in particular. This could be due to more favourable weather conditions during the shifted vegetation period. Increased grain yield corresponded to high water use efficiency (WUE). The short duration crop planted three weeks after the baseline planting date (PD3WL+SDC10) showed the highest grain yield after PD3WL (three weeks late plaing with BL variety). The use of cultivars with short growth cycle offers the flexibility of planting again where crops failed due to crop water stress or where the rains delay, ensuring completion of the growth cycle before the season ends. Given that short growth duration crops produce less grain yield compared to their counterpart full season crops, due to the length of their cycles, breeding programs must prioritize traits that can enhance the size of the grain-filling sink. At the plot level, management systems that reduce evaporation and retain soil moisture, e.g. mulching, application of farmyard manure etc., must be promoted to reduce evapotranspiration.Bodenerosion und Kleinteiligkeit von Betriebsflächen bedrohen die landwirtschaftliche Produktion in weiten Teilen des westkenianischen Hochlands. Im untersuchten Wassereinzugsgebiet von Rongo sind die weit verbreiteten Mais-Bohne-Mischkkultursysteme gefährdet durch Bodendegradierung. Dies ist vor allem auf langen Hängen und dort der Fall, wo der Oberboden nicht durch entsprechende Bodenbedeckung vor Schlagregen geschützt ist. Bodenschutzmaßnahmen wie Hecken, Bodendecker oder Mulch können das Ausmaß von Bodenerosion verringern, konkurrieren aber oft mit der Hauptkultur um Raum bzw. Arbeitskraft. Der gezielte Einsatz solcher Interventionen ausschliesslich in Bereichen kritischer Hangpositionen kann solcherlei Aufwand und Konkurrenzeffekte minimieren. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden in der hier vorgestellten Studie Mais-Bohne-Mischkulturen (MzBn) während einer Anbausaison auf drei unterschiedlichen Hanglängen (20, 60 und 84 m) mit jeweils zwei Wiederholungen auf drei Betrieben in Rongo, Migori County, hinsichtlich Oberflächenabfluss, Erosion und Ertrag verglichen. Zudem wurden MzBn, MzBn mit 5 Mg ha-1 Calliandra calothyrsus Mulch (Mul), Arachis hypogaea (Gnt), Lablab purpureus (Lab) und Mucuna pruriens (Muc) hinsichtlich Infiltration, Oberflächenabfluss, Erosion, organischem Boden-C und Gesamt-Boden-N während dreier Anbauperioden (lange und kurze Regenzeit 2016 und lange Regenzeit 2017) verglichen. Gemessene Boden- und Pflanzenparameter sowie Boden-, Landnutzungskarten und ein digitales Höhenmodell wurden nebst tagesgenauen Wetterdaten als Eingaben für das Lucia (Land Use Change Impact Assessment)-Modell verwendet. Mit dem kalibrierten und validierten Modell wurden dann Szenarien zum Wasserstressmanagement mit Fokus auf Aussaatzeitpunkten und Sortenwahl (verschiedene Vegetationsdauer) getetstet. Die Auswertung der Feldversuche zeigte, dass der Grad der Bodenbedeckung (durch Biomasse, Mulch und Streu) stärkeren Einfluss auf Bodenabtrag hatte als Regenintensität (EI30) und Bodenbedeckung des Blätterdachs allein. Die dichte Bodenbedeckung durch Calliandramulch in Mul zu Beginn der Saison war dabei entscheidend für signifikant geringeren Oberflächenabfluss (88, 87 und 84% niedriger als in MzBn, Lab und Gnt) und Bodenabtrag (66 und 65% niedriger als in Gnt und Lab). Der hohe Anteil großer Bodenaggregate > 5mm im Oberboden zum Ende der kurzen Regenzeit (SR) 2016 stand in Zusammenhang mit im Vergleich zu Lab (200 mm hr-1) and Gnt (240 mm hr-1) signifikant erhöhten Infiltrationsraten unter Mul (420mm h-1) in der langen Regenzeit (LR) 2017. Durchschnittliche C- und N-Konzentrationen in Sedimenten waren in der LR 2016 unter Mul (0.74 kg C ha1, 0.07 kg N ha1) signifikant niedriger als unter MzBn (3.20 kg C ha1, 0.28 kg N ha1) und Gnt (2.54 kg C ha1, 0.23 kg N ha1). Ebenso waren in der SR 2016 C- und N-Verluste deutlich geringer als unter Lab (3.26 kg C ha1 und 0.27 kg N ha1 im Vergleich zu 9.82 kg C ha1 und 0.89 kg N ha1). Bodenabtrag bei 84 m Hanglänge war 250 bzw. 710% höher als auf den 60 und 20 m Anlagen, wobei sich letztere statistisch (p<0.05) nicht unterschieden. Hinsichtlich Oberflächenabfluss unterschieden sich die Hanglängen ebenfalls statistisch, aber in entgegengesetzter Richtung. Im Vergleich der Flächen auf allen drei Betrieben waren Hangneigung und länge die statistisch einflussreichsten Faktoren bezüglich Bodenabtrag. Auf den einzelnen Betrieben, d.h. bei gleich Hangneigung und Bodenart, waren Hanglänge und Hangform ausschlaggebend. Als Ergebnis der Hanglängenversuche erwies sich eine Länge von 50 m unter den gegebenen Wetter-, Boden- und Geländebedingungen als kritisch bzgl. Erosion, Sedimentmengen und dem Verhältnis von Erosion zu Ertrag. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie legen nahe, dass effektiver Bodenschutz vor allem durch die Integration von Hanglänge und Anbausystem (Pflanzenwahl) erreicht werden kann. Es wird empfohlen Calliandra-Hecken mit Mucuna-Unterpflanzung als Pufferzonen in Streifen unterhalb der kritischen Hanglänge anzulegen sowie Körnerleguminosen und Mais als cash crops oberhalb. Durch diesen Ansatz kann vor dem Hintergrund der Landfragmentierung und Knappheit an Arbeitskraft in der Untersuchungsregion die nutzbare Landfläche nachhaltig optimiert werden. Der Modellierungsteil dieser Studie zeigte, dass Erträge bei einer und besonders bei drei Wochen späterem Aussaatzeitpunkt im Vergleich zum lokal üblichen Termin während aller drei Anbauperioden zu höheren Kornerträgen führte. Grund hierfür könnten günstigere Wetterbedingungen während der somit verschobenen Vegetationsperiode sein. Die höheren Erträge gingen einher mit effizienterer Wassernutzung der Pflanzen. Eine Sorte mit verkürzter Vegetationsperiode, drei Wochen nach dem üblichen Termin gepflanzt (PD3WL+SDC10), erzielte die höchsten Erträge. Sorten kürzerer Vegetationsdauer bieten allgemein höhere Flexibilität in Fällen spät einsetzender Regenfälle oder von Pflanzenmortalität, da auch bei wiederholter Aussaat die Regenzeit noch hinreichend genutzt werden kann. Angesichts der niedrigereren Ertragbildung während verkürzter Vegetationsdauer sollte ein höherer Kornanteil prioritäres Zuchtziel für zukünftige Sorten sein. Auf der Seite der Landwirte bedeutet dies, dass vermehrt Anbausysteme, die Evaporation verringern und Bodenfeuchte konservieren (z.B. Mulchen, Mistgaben), zur Anwendung kommen sollten

Irrigation Systems and Practices in Challenging Environments

The book Irrigation Systems and Practices in Challenging Environments is divided into two interesting sections, with the first section titled Agricultural Water Productivity in Stressed Environments, which consists of nine chapters technically crafted by experts in their own right in their fields of expertise. Topics range from effects of irrigation on the physiology of plants, deficit irrigation practices and the genetic manipulation, to creating drought tolerant variety and a host of interesting topics to cater for the those interested in the plant water soil atmosphere relationships and agronomic practices relevant in many challenging environments, more so with the onslaught of global warming, climate change and the accompanying agro-meteorological impacts. The second section, with eight chapters, deals with systems of irrigation practices around the world, covering different climate zones apart from showing casing practices for sustainable irrigation practices and more efficient ways of conveying irrigation waters - the life blood of agriculture, undoubtedly the most important sector in the world