Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Porifera (Spongia Officinalis ) terhadap Staphylococcus Aureus ATCC 25923

Staphylococcus aureus is the most  dangerous of all of the many comman staphylococcal bacteria. It stains gram positive and is non moving small round shaped or non motile cocci..Porifera (Spongia officinalis) are lowly organised less evelved animals and can be used as the medication resources. The aim of this study was to inveftigate antibacterial extract etanol  of Porifera (Spongia officinalis)against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923.Present study was an experimental in vitro test. Antibacterial activity assays were carried out by the disc diffusion method. Antibacterial activity was determined by the clear zone formed around the papaer disc and minimum inhibitor concentration which could inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923.The results are supported by the presence of secondary metabolite by phytochemical test such as alkaloid, terpenoid, steroid, saponin and tanin.Extract ethanolof Spongia officinalis. Extract etanol Spongia officinalishas antibacterial activity againts Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Minimum inhibitory concentration from the ekstrak etanol Spongia officinalis was 10 ppm.Conclution ; Extract etanol Spongia officinalishas antibacterial activity againts Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923Keywords: Spongia officinalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Antibacterial activities, MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Consentration

Genomic blueprints of sponge-prokaryote symbiosis are shared by low abundant and cultivatable Alphaproteobacteria

Marine sponges are early-branching, filter-feeding metazoans that usually host complex microbiomes comprised of several, currently uncultivatable symbiotic lineages. Here, we use a low-carbon based strategy to cultivate low-abundance bacteria from Spongia officinalis. This approach favoured the growth of Alphaproteobacteria strains in the genera Anderseniella, Erythrobacter, Labrenzia, Loktanella, Ruegeria, Sphingorhabdus, Tateyamaria and Pseudovibrio, besides two likely new genera in the Rhodobacteraceae family. Mapping of complete genomes against the metagenomes of S. officinalis, seawater, and sediments confirmed the rare status of all the above-mentioned lineages in the marine realm. Remarkably, this community of low-abundance Alphaproteobacteria possesses several genomic attributes common to dominant, presently uncultivatable sponge symbionts, potentially contributing to host fitness through detoxification mechanisms (e.g. heavy metal and metabolic waste removal, degradation of aromatic compounds), provision of essential vitamins (e.g. B6 and B12 biosynthesis), nutritional exchange (especially regarding the processing of organic sulphur and nitrogen) and chemical defence (e.g. polyketide and terpenoid biosynthesis). None of the studied taxa displayed signs of genome reduction, indicative of obligate mutualism. Instead, versatile nutrient metabolisms along with motility, chemotaxis, and tight-adherence capacities - also known to confer environmental hardiness - were inferred, underlying dual host-associated and free-living life strategies adopted by these diverse sponge-associated Alphaproteobacteria.PTDC/MAR-BIO/1547/2014; full PhD scholarship from the Erasmus Mundus Programme/SALAM EMA2 lot7/SALA1206422info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Metagenomics and functional genomics of bacterial symbionts of Spongia (Porifera, Dictyoceratida) specimens from the Algarvian shore (South Portugal)

Sponges are early-branched, filter-feeding metazoans that usually harbor complex microbial communities comprised of diverse “uncultivable” symbiotic bacteria. In this thesis, the functional and taxonomic features of the marine sponge microbiome are determined, using Spongia officinalis as model host organism. Emphasis is given to adaptive and functional traits of the profuse and biotechnologically-relevant alphaproteobacterial symbionts of sponges. A metagenomics-centred approach was employed to reveal microbial taxa and genomic signatures enriched in the Spongia officinalis endosymbiotic consortium, and thus likely to play pivotal roles in holobiont functioning. Further, a comparative genomics study is presented unveiling the common and specific traits of ten Alphaproteobacteria genera isolated from S. officinalis with alternative symbiont cultivation methodology. Finally, a sequence composition-dependent binning approach is employed to assemble, from metagenomic sequences, the genome of an uncultured alphaproteobacterial symbiont of S. officinalis belonging to the family Rhodospirillaceae. High abundance of polyketide and terpene synthase-, eukaryotic-like protein- (ELPs), type IV secretion system-, plasmid- and ABC transporter-encoding genes, among others, characterized the sponge microbial metagenomes. In contrast, motility and chemotaxis genes were abundant in seawater and sediment microbiomes, but nearly absent in the S. officinalis symbiotic consortium. Much higher frequencies of anti-viral CRISPR-Cas and restrictionmodification systems, along with much lower viral abundances, were observed in the spongeassociated metagenomes than in the environment and interpreted as true hallmarks of this symbiotic consortium. In line with outcomes retrieved for the whole symbiotic community, alphaproteobacterial symbionts of marine sponges likely contribute the most to host fitness through nutritional exchange, cell detoxification processes and chemical defense, the latter being theoretically promoted by both polyketide and terpenoid biosynthesis. The several alphaproteobacterial cultures retrieved in this thesis, displaying high natural product biosynthesis capacities, can now be explored in studies aiming at revealing novel biological activities and chemical structures from these symbionts.As esponjas marinhas (filo Porifera) são consideradas um dos mais simples grupos entre os metazoários em função de sua falta de organização em tecidos e órgãos verdadeiros. Porém, estes animais relativamente simples em termos de plano corporal normalmente abrigam comunidades muito complexas de microorganismos. Em função de seu surgimento basal na história evolutiva do planeta, o conhecimento a respeito deste “holobionte”, isto é, o consórcio de organismos formado pela esponja marinha hospedeira e todos os seus simbiontes microbianos, possui grande relavância ao avanço da nossa compreensão sobre as interações hospedeiro-microorganismos. Nesta tese de doutoramento, tive como objetivo a determinação das características funcionais e taxonómicas do microbioma das esponjas marinhas no contexto de seu ambiente circundante (água e sedimentos marinhos, e suas respecticvas microbiotas), dando ênfase aos traços adaptativos e funcionais de alfaproteobactérias associadas ao organismo modelo Spongia officinalis (“bath sponge”)

Offshore Neopycnodonte oyster reefs in the Mediterranean Sea

© The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Angeletti, L., & Taviani, M. Offshore Neopycnodonte oyster reefs in the Mediterranean Sea. Diversity, 12(3), (2020): 92, doi:10.3390/d12030092.Oysters are important ecosystem engineers best known to produce large bioconstructions at shallow depth, whilst offshore deep-subtidal oyster reefs are less widely known. Oyster reefs engineered by Neopycnodonte cochlear (family Gryphaeidae) occur at various sites in the Mediterranean Sea, between 40 and 130 m water depths. Remotely Operated Vehicle surveys provide new insights on this rather neglected reef types with respect to their shape, dimensions and associated biodiversity. We suggest that these little contemplated reefs should be taken in due consideration for protection.This work was partly supported by the EU FP-VI and VII HERMES and HERMIONE, by the ‘Convenzione MATTM-CNR per i Programmi di Monitoraggio per la Direttiva sulla Strategia Marina (MSFD, Art. 11, Dir. 2008/56/CE), and is part of the DG Environment programme IDEM (grant agreement no. 11.0661/2017/750680/SUB/EN V.C2)

Recovery of the commercial sponges in the central and southeastern Aegean Sea (NE Mediterranean) after an outbreak of sponge disease

The distribution and biometry of commercial sponges (Porifera) in coastal areas of the central and southeastern Aegean Sea was investigated to estimate the recovery progress of the populations eight years after the first appearance of sponge disease. Signs of the disease were detected only in 1.6% of the harvested sponges. Multivariate analysis on the percentage abundance of sponges showed two distinct groups among the sixteen fishing grounds studied: the eight deep (50-110 m) and the eight shallow ones (<40 m). The group from the deep depths consisted of Spongia officinalis adriatica, S. agaricina and S. zimocca. The infralittoral zone was characterized by the presence of Hippospongia communis, S. officinalis adriatica and S. officinalis mollissima. These bath sponges showed an enhanced abundance in the eastern Cretan Sea (S. Aegean Sea). In addition, their dimensions, particularly height, increased with increasing depth. It is indicated that the hydrographic conditions prevailing in the eastern Cretan Sea affected the repopulating processes of sponge banks. In each species, the biometric characteristics of the experimental specimens were similar to those of the sponges found in the market and harvested at respective depths prior to the appearance of sponge disease

Bioactive natural compounds of algae and invertebrates from the littoral of Cadiz

El estudio químico de varias esponjas y algas del litoral gaditano ha llevado al aislamiento y caracterización de varios nuevos productos naturales. Las estructuras se determinaron por métodos espectroscópicos y, en algunos casos, se establecieron las configuraciones absolutas usando el método de Mosher o correlaciones químicas. En particular, se presentarán y discutirán los nuevos compuestos aislados de las esponjas Reniera fulva (Topsent, 1893), Cacospongia scalaris (Schmidt, 1862) y Spongia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1759) y el alga Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) Lamouroux. Para anticipar una posible utilización farmacológica de estos nuevos productos naturales se ha realizado una evaluación de sus actividades citotóxicas frente a varios cultivos de células tumorales.The chemical study of an array of marine sponges and algae from the littoral of Cadiz (southwestern Spain) has led to the isolation and characterisation of several new natural products. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and, in certain instances, the absolute stereochemistries were determined using either the Mosher method or chemical interconversions. In particular, the new compounds isolated from the sponges Reniera fulva (Topsent, 1893), Cacospongia scalaris (Schmidt, 1862) and Spongia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1759) and from the alga Dictyota dichotoma (Hudson) Lamouroux, are presented and discussed. In order to anticipate a future pharmacological application, a cytotoxicity evaluation of the new compounds against several tumour cell lines was conducted.Instituto Español de Oceanografí

El litoral mediterrani català. cavitats semifosques

Peer reviewe

Sponge Aquaculture Trials in the East-Mediterranean Sea: New Approaches to Earlier Ideas

Aquaculture trials were conducted in the East Aegean Sea with Dysidea avara and Chondrosia reniformis to test the possibility of growing these sponges in the vicinity of sea-based fish farms. Culturing sponges in the vicinity of fish farms may have two benefits: the sponges may grow faster due to an increased availability of organic food and the pollution caused by the fish farms is remediated by the filtering activities of the sponges. An initial trial was conducted to compare growth of the two sponge species under floating fish cages to growth in a natural, pristine environment. Explants of D. avara were grown suspended on nylon threads, explants of C. reniformis were grown in cages constructed of stainless steel. After being one year in culture, nearly 100% of all explants of D. avara survived. Growth was highest underneath the fish cages, but growth rates were low compared to earlier studies. For C. reniformis survival at the pristine site was 100%, and growth was estimated at 800% per year. All explants cultured underneath the fish cages died due to smothering with sediment. After the initial trial, a new, cost-saving and growth promoting method for D. avara was tested at the fish farm location. Explants were grown on PVC pins that were mounted into a metal frame. Growth of the sponges on the pins was eight times faster than that of sponges growing on threads. We conclude that culturing D. avara under floating fish cages is feasible when using the new methodolog

Heavy metal accumulation capacity of Axinella damicornis (Esper, 1794) (Porifera, Demospongiae): a tool for bioremediation of polluted seawaters

A wide range of contaminants are continuously introduced into the aquatic environment and among these, heavy metals con- stitute one of the most dangerous groups because of their persistent nature, toxicity, tendency to accumulate in organisms and more still, they are non-degradable. Marine organisms such as sponges represent target species for the monitoring of heavy metal contamination due their filtering activity. This study aims to evaluate the retention capacity of lead and cadmium by the sponge Axinella damicornis under laboratory conditions. The sponges were exposed for 144 h to seawaters artificially polluted with lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) separately and with a mixture of the two metals. The final goal of the experiments was to evaluate the met- al uptake in the sponge body and efficiency of the sponge in removing the metals from seawater. In particular, the highest values of metal concentration in the sponges were recorded for Pb: this metal was found to be 6 times and 9 times more concentrated than Cd, respectively in the case of exposure to the single metal and to the combination of both metals. The metal concentrations found, especially for Pb, were much higher in A. damicornis than in other organisms investigated in the sea. Remarkable signs of stress and necrosis were recorded in the specimens when exposed to the combination of Pb and Cd, evidencing a synergistic effect of the metals mixture. This study paves adds knowledge on the contamination effects by heavy metals on the marine organisms and on the contribution from A. damicornis as efficient tool for bioremediation of polluted seawaters