History and conservation of shopping arcades

Shopping arcades, corridors lined on one or both sides by shops and covered by a glass roof have been neglected as a subject for research. There is little information and no catalogue of British arcades. Their importance as covered thoroughfares, housing small units for specialist traders, has been under estimated, and their contribution to the architecture and townscape of cities requires recognition. The thesis records all extant examples in Britain with an architectural description, history, use, plan, section and photographic account of each. Their evolution is established, showing the influence of arcaded streets and exchanges, and of social and economic forces. The first two arcades were built in Paris and those, together with other major foreign examples are assessed, revealing the inter -relationship of development and architectural style between nations. The British arcades are analysed with regard to plan, location and architectural style. The financial position, management and role in the modern retail centre is assessed. Current trends in retailing are interpreted, from the shopping centre derived from the arcades, to the Speciality Centre. Arcades, like many older buildings have been demolished or 'neglected, having outlived their usefulness, but during the past decade an appreciation of the architectural heritage has grown. As the research has progressed, it has become evident that the requirements for shopping have almost come full circle from the date of the first arcade in 1800. And the shopping arcade is not only worthy of serious consideration architecturally, hut it could re- emerge as an important form of modern retailing. Recommendations are made for the practical conservation and re -use of arcades, particularly emphasising their architectural qualities, utilizing the favourable attitudes towards conservation and 'raking advantage of the desire to return to small specialist shops along a pedestrian route, preferably undercover

Freedom of Assembly and the Right to Passage in Modern English Legal History

This Article suggests, on the broadest level, that the history of the right to passage in the past two centuries is explicable only in terms of the complex interaction between formal legal doctrine on the one hand and social and political pressures on the other. Specific challenges to public order significantly shaped the evolution of legal rules, but these rules, once established, constrained official action and compelled the authorities at critical junctures to develop countervailing strategies. This exploration confirms that neither an externalist nor internalist approach to legal history by itself adequately explains historical change and, moreover, that the relative significance of contextual and doctrinal factors at any particular point in time is itself historically contingent. This systemic discretion, as has been suggested, was frequently exercised selectively against particular groups and, since the 1960s, has prompted growing criticism and increasing calls for formal recognition of freedom of assembly. Given the character of much contemporary discourse about the right to passage, however, a positive right to assemble would not necessarily supersede the powerful and tenacious right of the public to pass along the highway without obstruction. Insofar as the primacy of passage continues to have an inhibiting effect on civil liberties, the history of the right to passage is not simply an antiquarian inquiry but a cautionary tale for the present

Tower of Power: The Drummond Medical Building and the Interwar Centralization of Medical Practice

This paper focuses on Montreal’s Drummond Medical Building (1929), designed by the well-known architectural firm of Nobbs & Hyde, as a case study of the new typology that emerged in urban Canada in the 1920s: a modern, purpose-built high-rise for healthcare professionals, with elevators, telephones, indoor parking, and retail shops, located in an upscale commercial district. What role did medical high-rises play in the practice of modern medicine? We speculate that these clinics marked the end of the house-office era across Canada, centralizing the practice of healthcare professionals. This CIHR-funded project illustrates complex social and physical networks among architects and doctors, drawing attention to the importance of studying architecture as a technology in the history of modern medicine.Cet article examine le Drummond Medical Building (1929) à Montréal, édifice conçu par la réputée société d’architectes Nobbs & Hyde, pour une étude de cas de la nouvelle typologie qui a vu le jour dans les villes canadiennes au cours des années 1920 : un immeuble en hauteur, moderne, construit à l’intention des professionnels de la santé, muni d’ascenseurs, de téléphones, d’un stationnement intérieur et de commerces de détail, situé dans un district commercial aisé. Quel rôle les immeubles en hauteur à vocation médicale ont-ils joué dans la pratique de la médecine moderne? Nous avançons l’hypothèse que ces cliniques ont marqué la fin de la période domicile-bureau au Canada et le début de la centralisation de la pratique des professionnels de la santé. Le présent projet, subventionné par les Instituts de recherche en santé du Canada (IRSC), montre les réseaux sociaux et physiques complexes qui existaient entre les architectes et les médecins et il signale l’importance d’étudier l’architecture comme technologie dans l’histoire de la médecine moderne

Natural air conditioning, traditions and trends : high performance of sustainable indoor ventilation in a hot and dry climate

De nos jours, l'utilisation accrue de combustibles à base de fossiles et l'électricité met en péril l'environnement naturel à cause des niveaux élevés de pollution. Il est donc plausible de prévoir des économies d'énergie significatives grâce à la climatisation dite «naturelle»». En accord avec les objectifs acceptés à l'échelle internationale d'une architecture «verte» et durable, l'utilisation de cours intérieures associées aux capteurs de vent, aux murs-Trombe et à d'autres systèmes de climatisation naturelle (aussi bien traditionnels que nouveaux), paraît prometteuse. Ce mémoire propose une analyse de nouvelles approches à la climatisation naturelle et à la production d'air frais avec une consommation minimale d'énergie, eu égard aux traditions et aux tendances, en particulier dans les zones climatiques chaudes et sèches comme l'Iran. Dans ce contexte, regarder l'architecture de l'Islam et la discipline du Qur'an paraissent offrir un guide pour comprendre l'approche musulmane aux processus de décision en design. Nous regardons donc les traditions et les tendances en ce qui concerne la climatisation naturelle à travers l'élément le plus important du contexte islamique, à savoir le Qur'an. C'est pourquoi, à l'intérieur du thème de la tradition, nous avons pris en compte quelques considérations concernant l'influence de l'Islam, et en particulier le respect de la nature associé à un équilibre entre l'harmonie et l'individualité. Ce sont autant de facteurs qui influencent la prise de décisions visant à résoudre des problèmes scientifiques majeurs selon la philosophie et les méthodes islamiques ; ils nous permettent de faire quelques recommandations. La description des principes sous-jacents aux capteurs à vent et des antécédents trouvés dans la nature tels que les colonies de termites, est présentée également. Sous la rubrique tendances, nous avons introduit l'utilisation de matériaux et de principes de design nouveaux. Regarder simultanément ces matériaux nouveaux et l'analogie des colonies de termites suggère de bonnes approches à la conception d'abris pour les victimes de tremblements de terre dans les régions sisimques. Bam, une ville iranienne, peut être considérée comme un exemple spécifique illustrant où les principes exposés dans ce mémoire peuvent s'appliquer le plus adéquatement.Nowadays due to the increased use of fossil fuels and electricity, the natural environment is in danger because of high levels of pollution. Hence by creating natural air conditioning, we may save a significant amount of energy. In line with the global objective of sustainable and green architecture, the use of patios to save energy and natural ventilation coupled with wind- catchers, Trombe walls and other natural air conditioning systems (both traditional and emerging architectural elements) seems pertinent. This thesis analyzes designs to produce natural air conditioning and cooler air with the minimum amount of energy, with regard to the tradition and the trends, especially in hot and dry climate regions like Iran. In this context, looking to Islamic Architecture and the Qur’anic discipline of thought are considered as a guide to the way Muslims approach the design-decision making process. We therefore look to the traditions and the trends of natural air conditioning through the most important element of the Islamic context (the Qur’an). So, within the theme of "tradition", we have introduced some thinking about the influence of Islam and particularly the respect of nature while providing for a balance between harmony and individuality, such as proposing one special kind of decision-making process to solve the main scientific problems according to the Islamic philosophy and the accompanying methods, suggesting some recommendations. Descriptions of (a) the principles of wind-catchers and (b) antecedents in nature such as the termite hills are pursued as well. Under "trends", we have introduced the use of novel materials and novel design principles. Looking at the new materials and simultaneously at the analogy of the termite mounds suggests one good sample of design of a shelter for people in earthquake-prone regions. Bam, an Iranian city, can be considered to be a specific context in which the general considerations expressed in this thesis can be most usefully applied

The Glasgow City Improvement Trust : an analysis of its genesis, impact and legacy and an inventory of its buildings, 1866-1910

This dissertation comprises a descriptive and analytical account of the workings of the Glasgow City Improvement Trust (from 1895, the Glasgow City Improvement Department), together with a comprehensive inventory of its architectural output. A trawl of library catalogues in the Universities of Edinburgh, Glasgow, St. Andrews and Strathclyde, as well as the Glasgow School of Art, suggests this subject is largely uncovered by academic enquiry. Brian Edwards' Ph. D thesis (cited in the Bibliography) has been the most definitive so far, dealing diligently with the Glasgow Improvement Act 1866, though it disregards the arguably more important Act of 1897. Several published narratives have touched on the subject too, but most have done so indirectly and superficially. Perfunctory treatment has helped entrench a number of inaccuracies regarding attribution. The 'Buildings of Scotland' Penguin series is not alone in ascribing St. George's Mansions, for instance, to the City Improvement Department. In fact, these buildings were erected by the Corporation's Statute Labour Department. Errors of this nature illustrate the need for a definitive bank of hard documentation. It is the author's hope the following thesis will fulfil that requirement

Advanced space communications architecture study. Volume 2: Technical report

The technical feasibility and economic viability of satellite system architectures that are suitable for customer premise service (CPS) communications are investigated. System evaluation is performed at 30/20 GHz (Ka-band); however, the system architectures examined are equally applicable to 14/11 GHz (Ku-band). Emphasis is placed on systems that permit low-cost user terminals. Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) is used on the uplink, with typically 10,000 simultaneous accesses per satellite, each of 64 kbps. Bulk demodulators onboard the satellite, in combination with a baseband multiplexer, convert the many narrowband uplink signals into a small number of wideband data streams for downlink transmission. Single-hop network interconnectivity is accomplished via downlink scanning beams. Each satellite is estimated to weigh 5600 lb and consume 6850W of power; the corresponding payload totals are 1000 lb and 5000 W. Nonrecurring satellite cost is estimated at $110 million, with the first-unit cost at$113 million. In large quantities, the user terminal cost estimate is $25,000. For an assumed traffic profile, the required system revenue has been computed as a function of the internal rate of return (IRR) on invested capital. The equivalent user charge per-minute of 64-kbps channel service has also been determined

Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond

With the rapid evolution of the wireless communications, fifth-generation (5G) communication has received much attention from both academia and industry, with many reported efforts and research outputs and significant improvements in different aspects, such as data rate speed and resolution, mobility, latency, etc. In some countries, the commercialization of 5G communication has already started as well as initial research of beyond technologies such as 6G.MIMO technology with multiple antennas is a promising technology to obtain the requirements of 5G/6G communications. It can significantly enhance the system capacity and resist multipath fading, and has become a hot spot in the field of wireless communications. This technology is a key component and probably the most established to truly reach the promised transfer data rates of future communication systems. In MIMO systems, multiple antennas are deployed at both the transmitter and receiver sides. The greater number of antennas can make the system more resistant to intentional jamming and interference. Massive MIMO with an especially high number of antennas can reduce energy consumption by targeting signals to individual users utilizing beamforming.Apart from sub-6 GHz frequency bands, 5G/6G devices are also expected to cover millimeter-wave (mmWave) and terahertz (THz) spectra. However, moving to higher bands will bring new challenges and will certainly require careful consideration of the antenna design for smart devices. Compact antennas arranged as conformal, planar, and linear arrays can be employed at different portions of base stations and user equipment to form phased arrays with high gain and directional radiation beams. The objective of this Special Issue is to cover all aspects of antenna designs used in existing or future wireless communication systems. The aim is to highlight recent advances, current trends, and possible future developments of 5G/6G antennas