244 research outputs found
Multiscale fluctuation-based dispersion entropy and its applications to neurological diseases
Fluctuation-based dispersion entropy (FDispEn) is a new approach to estimate the dynamical variability of the fluctuations of signals. It is based on Shannon entropy and fluctuation-based dispersion patterns. To quantify the physiological dynamics over multiple time scales, multiscale FDispEn (MFDE) is developed in this paper. MFDE is robust to the presence of baseline wanders or trends in the data. We evaluate MFDE, compared with popular multiscale sample entropy (MSE), multiscale fuzzy entropy (MFE), and the recently introduced multiscale dispersion entropy (MDE), on selected synthetic data and five neurological diseases’ datasets: 1) focal and non-focal electroencephalograms (EEGs); 2) walking stride interval signals for young, elderly, and Parkinson’s subjects; 3) stride interval fluctuations for Huntington’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; 4) EEGs for controls and Alzheimer’s disease patients; and 5) eye movement data for Parkinson’s disease and ataxia. The MFDE avoids the problem of the undefined MSE values and, compared with the MFE and MSE, leads to more stable entropy values over the scale factors for white and pink noises. Overall, the MFDE is the fastest and most consistent method for the discrimination of different states of neurological data, especially where the mean value of a time series considerably changes along with the signal (e.g., eye movement data). This paper shows that MFDE is a relevant new metric to gain further insights into the dynamics of neurological diseases’ recordings. The MATLAB codes for the MFDE and its refined composite form are available in Xplore
Multiscale Fluctuation Dispersion Entropy of EEG as a Physiological Biomarker of Schizotypy
Altered electroencephalography (EEG) activity in schizotypal individuals is a powerful indicator of proneness towards psychosis. This alteration is beyond decreased alpha power often measured in resting state EEG. Multiscale fluctuation dispersion entropy (MFDE) measures the non-linear complexity of the fluctuations of EEGs and is a more effective approach compared to the traditional linear power spectral density (PSD) measures of EEG activity in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we applied MFDE to EEG signals to distinguish high schizotypy (HS) and low schizotypy (LS) individuals. The study includes several trials from 29 participants psychometrically classified as HS (n=19) and LS (n=10). After preprocessing, MFDE was computed in frontal, parietal, central, temporal and occipital regions for each participant at multiple time scales. Statistical analysis and machine learning algorithms were used to calculate the differences in MFDE measures between the HS and LS groups. Our findings revealed significant differences in MFDE measures between LS and HS individuals in the delta frequency band (at time scale 100 ms). HS individuals exhibited increased complexity and irregularity compared to LS individuals in the delta frequency band particularly in the occipital region. Furthermore, the MFDE measures resulted in high accuracy (96.55%) in discriminating between HS and LS individuals and outperformed the models based on power spectrum, demonstrating the potential of MFDE as a neurophysiological marker for schizotypy traits. The increased non-linear fluctuation in delta frequency band in the occipital region of HS individuals implies the changes in cognitive functions, such as memory and attention, and has significant potential as a biomarker for schizotypy and proneness towards psychosis
Classification of ECG signal-based cardiac abnormalities using fluctuation-based dispersion entropy and first-order statistics
The heart is one of the most important organs in the human body. The presence of abnormalities in the heart can be fatal for a person. One way to detect heart abnormalities is an Electrocardiogram (EKG) signal examination. To facilitate the detection of ECG signal abnormalities, an automatic classification method is needed. Therefore, in this study, a method for classifying ECG signals using FdispEn (Fluctuation-based dispersion Entropy) and first-order statistics is proposed. FdispEn measures the uncertainty in the signal and is expected to be able to distinguish the physiological state of the ECG signal time series. In this study FdispEn and statistical computing were used as feature extraction of the ECG signal and combined with the Support Vector Machine (SVM) for the classification process of Normal ECG, AFIB (Atrial Fibrilation), and CHF (Congestive Heart Failure). The method proposed in this study generates an accuracy of 91.5%. The system proposed in this study is expected to assist in the clinical diagnosis of abnormalities in the heart.
 
Entropy Analysis of Univariate Biomedical Signals:Review and Comparison of Methods
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A Fault Diagnosis Scheme for Gearbox Based on Improved Entropy and Optimized Regularized Extreme Learning Machine
The performance of a gearbox is sensitive to failures, especially in the long-term high speed and heavy load field. However, the multi-fault diagnosis in gearboxes is a challenging problem because of the complex and non-stationary measured signal. To obtain fault information more fully and improve the accuracy of gearbox fault diagnosis, this paper proposes a feature extraction method, hierarchical refined composite multiscale fluctuation dispersion entropy (HRCMFDE) to extract the fault features of rolling bearing and the gear vibration signals at different layers and scales. On this basis, a novel fault diagnosis scheme for the gearbox based on HRCMFDE, ReliefF and grey wolf optimizer regularized extreme learning machine is proposed. Firstly, HRCMFDE is employed to extract the original features, the multi-frequency time information can be evaluated simultaneously, and the fault feature information can be extracted more fully. After that, ReliefF is used to screen the sensitive features from the high-dimensional fault features. Finally, the sensitive features are inputted into the optimized regularized extreme learning machine to identify the fault states of the gearbox. Through three different types of gearbox experiments, the experimental results confirm that the proposed method has better diagnostic performance and generalization, which can effectively and accurately identify the different fault categories of the gearbox and outperforms other contrastive methods.</p
Entropy Measures in Machine Fault Diagnosis: Insights and Applications
Entropy, as a complexity measure, has been widely applied for time series analysis. One preeminent example is the design of machine condition monitoring and industrial fault diagnostic systems.
The occurrence of failures in a machine will typically lead to non-linear characteristics in the measurements, caused by instantaneous variations, which can increase the complexity in the system response. Entropy measures are suitable to quantify such dynamic changes in the underlying process, distinguishing between different system conditions.
However, notions of entropy are defined differently in various contexts (e.g., information theory and dynamical systems theory), which may confound researchers in the applied sciences. In this paper, we have systematically reviewed the theoretical development of some fundamental entropy measures and clarified the relations among them. Then, typical entropy-based applications of machine fault diagnostic systems are summarized. Further, insights into possible applications of the entropy measures are explained, as to where and how these measures can be useful towards future data-driven fault diagnosis methodologies. Finally, potential research trends in this area are discussed, with the intent of improving online entropy estimation and expanding its applicability to a wider range of intelligent fault diagnostic systems
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QUANTIFYING GAIT ADAPTABILITY: FRACTALITY, COMPLEXITY, AND STABILITY DURING ASYMMETRIC WALKING
Successful walking necessitates modifying locomotor patterns when encountering organism, task, or environmental constraints. The structure of stride-to-stride variance (fractal dynamics) may represent the adaptive capacity of the locomotor system. To date, however, fractal dynamics have been assessed during unperturbed walking. Quantifying gait adaptability requires tasks that compel locomotor patterns to adapt. The purpose of this dissertation was to determine the potential relationship between fractal dynamics and gait adaptability. The studies presented herein represent a necessary endeavor to incorporate both an analysis of gait fractal dynamics and a task requiring adaptation of locomotor patterns. The adaptation task involved walking asymmetrically on a split-belt treadmill, whereby individuals adapted the relative phasing between legs. This experimental design provided a better understanding of the prospective relationship between fractal dynamics and adaptive capacity. Results from the first study indicated there was no association between unperturbed walking fractal dynamics and gait adaptability in young, healthy adults. However, there was an emergent relationship between asymmetric walking fractal dynamics and gait adaptability. Moreover, fractal dynamics increased during asymmetric walking. The second study investigated fractal dynamics and gait adaptability in healthy, active young and older adults. The findings from study 2 showed no differences between young and older adults regarding unperturbed or asymmetric walking fractal dynamics, or gait adaptability performance. The second study provided further evidence for the lack of association between unperturbed fractal dynamics and gait adaptability. Furthermore, study 2 delivered additional support that asymmetric walking not only yields increased fractal scaling values, but also associates with adaptive gait performance in older adults. Finally, while the first two studies explored stride time monofractality during various walking tasks, the third study aimed to understand the potential multifractality, i.e. temporal evolution of fractal dynamics, of unperturbed and asymmetric walking. The results suggest that unperturbed walking is monofractal in nature, while more challenging asymmetric walking reveals multifractal characteristics, and that multifractality does not associate with adaptive gait performance. This dissertation provides preliminary evidence for the lack of relationship between gait adaptability and unperturbed fractal dynamics, and the emergent association between adaptive gait and asymmetric walking fractality
Human Gait Analysis using Spatiotemporal Data Obtained from Gait Videos
Mit der Entwicklung von Deep-Learning-Techniken sind Deep-acNN-basierte Methoden
zum Standard für Bildverarbeitungsaufgaben geworden, wie z. B. die Verfolgung menschlicher
Bewegungen und Posenschätzung, die Erkennung menschlicher Aktivitäten und
die Erkennung von Gesichtern. Deep-Learning-Techniken haben den Entwurf, die Implementierung
und den Einsatz komplexer und vielfältiger Anwendungen verbessert, die nun
in einer Vielzahl von Bereichen, einschließlich der Biomedizintechnik, eingesetzt werden.
Die Anwendung von Computer-Vision-Techniken auf die medizinische Bild- und Videoanalyse
hat zu bemerkenswerten Ergebnissen bei der Erkennung von Ereignissen geführt. Die
eingebaute Fähigkeit von convolutional neural network (CNN), Merkmale aus komplexen
medizinischen Bildern zu extrahieren, hat in Verbindung mit der Fähigkeit von long short
term memory network (LSTM), die zeitlichen Informationen zwischen Ereignissen zu erhalten,
viele neue Horizonte für die medizinische Forschung geschaffen. Der Gang ist einer der
kritischen physiologischen Bereiche, der viele Störungen im Zusammenhang mit Alterung
und Neurodegeneration widerspiegeln kann. Eine umfassende und genaue Ganganalyse
kann Einblicke in die physiologischen Bedingungen des Menschen geben. Bestehende
Ganganalyseverfahren erfordern eine spezielle Umgebung, komplexe medizinische Geräte
und geschultes Personal für die Erfassung der Gangdaten. Im Falle von tragbaren Systemen
kann ein solches System die kognitiven Fähigkeiten beeinträchtigen und für die Patienten
unangenehm sein.
Außerdem wurde berichtet, dass die Patienten in der Regel versuchen, während des
Labortests bessere Leistungen zu erbringen, was möglicherweise nicht ihrem tatsächlichen
Gang entspricht. Trotz technologischer Fortschritte stoßen wir bei der Messung des menschlichen
Gehens in klinischen und Laborumgebungen nach wie vor an Grenzen. Der Einsatz
aktueller Ganganalyseverfahren ist nach wie vor teuer und zeitaufwändig und erschwert den
Zugang zu Spezialgeräten und Fachwissen.
Daher ist es zwingend erforderlich, über Methoden zu verfügen, die langfristige Daten
über den Gesundheitszustand des Patienten liefern, ohne doppelte kognitive Aufgaben oder
Unannehmlichkeiten bei der Verwendung tragbarer Sensoren. In dieser Arbeit wird daher eine einfache, leicht zu implementierende und kostengünstige Methode zur Erfassung von
Gangdaten vorgeschlagen. Diese Methode basiert auf der Aufnahme von Gehvideos mit
einer Smartphone-Kamera in einer häuslichen Umgebung unter freien Bedingungen. Deep
neural network (NN) verarbeitet dann diese Videos, um die Gangereignisse zu extrahieren.
Die erkannten Ereignisse werden dann weiter verwendet, um verschiedene räumlich-zeitliche
Parameter des Gangs zu quantifizieren, die für jedes Ganganalysesystem wichtig sind.
In dieser Arbeit wurden Gangvideos verwendet, die mit einer Smartphone-Kamera mit
geringer Auflösung außerhalb der Laborumgebung aufgenommen wurden. Viele Deep-
Learning-basierte NNs wurden implementiert, um die grundlegenden Gangereignisse wie
die Fußposition in Bezug auf den Boden aus diesen Videos zu erkennen. In der ersten
Studie wurde die Architektur von AlexNet verwendet, um das Modell anhand von Gehvideos
und öffentlich verfügbaren Datensätzen von Grund auf zu trainieren. Mit diesem Modell
wurde eine Gesamtgenauigkeit von 74% erreicht. Im nächsten Schritt wurde jedoch die
LSTM-Schicht in dieselbe Architektur integriert. Die eingebaute Fähigkeit von LSTM in
Bezug auf die zeitliche Information führte zu einer verbesserten Vorhersage der Etiketten
für die Fußposition, und es wurde eine Genauigkeit von 91% erreicht. Allerdings gibt es
Schwierigkeiten bei der Vorhersage der richtigen Bezeichnungen in der letzten Phase des
Schwungs und der Standphase jedes Fußes.
Im nächsten Schritt wird das Transfer-Lernen eingesetzt, um die Vorteile von bereits
trainierten tiefen NNs zu nutzen, indem vortrainierte Gewichte verwendet werden. Zwei
bekannte Modelle, inceptionresnetv2 (IRNV-2) und densenet201 (DN-201), wurden mit
ihren gelernten Gewichten für das erneute Training des NN auf neuen Daten verwendet. Das
auf Transfer-Lernen basierende vortrainierte NN verbesserte die Vorhersage von Kennzeichnungen
für verschiedene Fußpositionen. Es reduzierte insbesondere die Schwankungen
in den Vorhersagen in der letzten Phase des Gangschwungs und der Standphase. Bei der
Vorhersage der Klassenbezeichnungen der Testdaten wurde eine Genauigkeit von 94% erreicht.
Da die Abweichung bei der Vorhersage des wahren Labels hauptsächlich ein Bild
betrug, konnte sie bei einer Bildrate von 30 Bildern pro Sekunde ignoriert werden.
Die vorhergesagten Markierungen wurden verwendet, um verschiedene räumlich-zeitliche
Parameter des Gangs zu extrahieren, die für jedes Ganganalysesystem entscheidend sind.
Insgesamt wurden 12 Gangparameter quantifiziert und mit der durch Beobachtungsmethoden
gewonnenen Grundwahrheit verglichen. Die NN-basierten räumlich-zeitlichen Parameter
zeigten eine hohe Korrelation mit der Grundwahrheit, und in einigen Fällen wurde eine sehr
hohe Korrelation erzielt. Die Ergebnisse belegen die Nützlichkeit der vorgeschlagenen Methode.
DerWert des Parameters über die Zeit ergab eine Zeitreihe, eine langfristige Darstellung des Ganges. Diese Zeitreihe konnte mit verschiedenen mathematischen Methoden weiter
analysiert werden.
Als dritter Beitrag in dieser Dissertation wurden Verbesserungen an den bestehenden
mathematischen Methoden der Zeitreihenanalyse von zeitlichen Gangdaten vorgeschlagen.
Zu diesem Zweck werden zwei Verfeinerungen bestehender entropiebasierter Methoden
zur Analyse von Schrittintervall-Zeitreihen vorgeschlagen. Diese Verfeinerungen wurden
an Schrittintervall-Zeitseriendaten von normalen und neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen
validiert, die aus der öffentlich zugänglichen Datenbank PhysioNet heruntergeladen wurden.
Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die von uns vorgeschlagene Methode eine klare Trennung
zwischen gesunden und kranken Gruppen ermöglicht.
In Zukunft könnten fortschrittliche medizinische Unterstützungssysteme, die künstliche
Intelligenz nutzen und von den hier vorgestellten Methoden abgeleitet sind, Ärzte bei der
Diagnose und langfristigen Überwachung des Gangs von Patienten unterstützen und so die
klinische Arbeitsbelastung verringern und die Patientensicherheit verbessern
Towards Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Interpretable Diagnosis Using Surface Electromyography
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fast-progressing disease with no cure. It is
diagnosed through the assessment of clinical exams, such as needle electromyography,
which measures themuscles’ electrical activity by inserting a needle into themuscle tissue.
Nevertheless, surface electromyography (SEMG) is emerging as a more practical and less
painful alternative. Even though these exams provide relevant information regarding the
electric structures conducted in the muscles, ALS symptoms are similar to those of other
neurological disorders, preventing a faster detection of the disease.
This dissertation focuses on implementing and analyzing innovative SEMG features
related to the morphology of the functional structures present in the signal. To assess the
efficiency of these features, a framework is proposed, aiming to distinguish healthy from
pathological signals through the use of a classification algorithm. The classification task
was performed using SEMG signals acquired from the upper limb muscles of healthy and
ALS subjects.
The results show the utility of employing the proposed set of features for ALS diagnosis,
with an F1 Score higher than 80% in most experimental conditions. The novel features
improved the model’s overall performance when combined with other state-of-art SEMG
features and also demonstrated efficiency when used individually. These outcomes are
of significant importance in supporting the use of SEMG as a complementary diagnosis
exam. The proposed features demonstrate promising contributions for better and faster
detection of ALS and increased classification interpretabilityA Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica (ELA) é uma doença incurável de progressão rápida. O
seu diagnóstico é feito através da avaliação de exames clínicos como a eletromiografia de
profundidade, que mede a atividade elétrica muscular com agulhas inseridas no músculo.
No entanto, a eletromiografia de superfície (SEMG) surge como uma alternativa mais prática
e menos dolorosa. Embora ambos os exames forneçam informações relevantes sobre
as estruturas elétricas conduzidas nos músculos, os sintomas da ELA são semelhantes aos
de outras doenças neurológicas, impedindo uma identificação mais precoce da doença.
Esta dissertação foca-se na implementação e análise de atributos inovadores de SEMG
relacionados com a morfologia das estruturas funcionais presentes no sinal. Para avaliar
a eficiência destes atributos, é proposto um framework, com o objetivo de distinguir sinais
saudáveis e sinais patológicos através de um algoritmo de classificação. A tarefa de classificação
foi realizada utilizando sinais de SEMG adquiridos dos músculos dos membros
superiores de indivíduos saudáveis e com ELA.
Os resultados demonstram a utilidade do conjunto de atributos proposto para o diagnóstico
de ELA, com uma métrica de classificação F1 superior a 80% na maioria das
condições experimentais. Os novos atributos melhoraram o desempenho geral do modelo
quando combinados com outros atributos de SEMG do estado da arte, e também se comprovaram
eficientes quando aplicados individualmente. Estes resultados são de grande
importância na justificação da aplicabilidade da SEMG como um exame complementar
de diagnóstico da ELA. Os atributos apresentados demonstram ser promissores para um
melhor e mais rápido diagnóstico, e facilitam a explicação dos resultados da classificação
devido à sua interpretabilidade
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