A Self-organizing Hybrid Sensor System With Distributed Data Fusion For Intruder Tracking And Surveillance

A wireless sensor network is a network of distributed nodes each equipped with its own sensors, computational resources and transceivers. These sensors are designed to be able to sense specific phenomenon over a large geographic area and communicate this information to the user. Most sensor networks are designed to be stand-alone systems that can operate without user intervention for long periods of time. While the use of wireless sensor networks have been demonstrated in various military and commercial applications, their full potential has not been realized primarily due to the lack of efficient methods to self organize and cover the entire area of interest. Techniques currently available focus solely on homogeneous wireless sensor networks either in terms of static networks or mobile networks and suffers from device specific inadequacies such as lack of coverage, power and fault tolerance. Failing nodes result in coverage loss and breakage in communication connectivity and hence there is a pressing need for a fault tolerant system to allow replacing of the failed nodes. In this dissertation, a unique hybrid sensor network is demonstrated that includes a host of mobile sensor platforms. It is shown that the coverage area of the static sensor network can be improved by self-organizing the mobile sensor platforms to allow interaction with the static sensor nodes and thereby increase the coverage area. The performance of the hybrid sensor network is analyzed for a set of N mobile sensors to determine and optimize parameters such as the position of the mobile nodes for maximum coverage of the sensing area without loss of signal between the mobile sensors, static nodes and the central control station. A novel approach to tracking dynamic targets is also presented. Unlike other tracking methods that are based on computationally complex methods, the strategy adopted in this work is based on a computationally simple but effective technique of received signal strength indicator measurements. The algorithms developed in this dissertation are based on a number of reasonable assumptions that are easily verified in a densely distributed sensor network and require simple computations that efficiently tracks the target in the sensor field. False alarm rate, probability of detection and latency are computed and compared with other published techniques. The performance analysis of the tracking system is done on an experimental testbed and also through simulation and the improvement in accuracy over other methods is demonstrated

Sistema de monitoreo de señales en tierra usando la Estación Terrena Satelital UPTC

Introduction: The Satellite Earth Station, corresponds to a technological infrastructure made up of hardware and software devices that allow communication from the ground with a satellite. Objective: The main purpose of this article is to describe the phases developed with the implementation of a remote monitoring system of ground signals, for the analysis of meteorological variables, and thus increase the percentage of use of the devices that make up the infrastructure of Estación Terrena Satelital de la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (ETS-UPTC). Methodology: The methodological design allowed to validate the increase in the percentage of daily use of the ETS-UPTC. It allowed the identification of the applications susceptible to be monitored on land, the description of the general structure of the system, the adaptation of the sensor node and the treatment of data for its later visualization in the coordinating node. Results: It was possible to develop a sensor node, whose implementation and adaptation with the ETSUPTC allowed to increase its level of daily use by approximately 20%. Conclusions: The integration of the monitoring system of meteorological variables with the ETS-UPTC, serve as an alternative, to be replicated in other satellite earth stations built under the traditional monolithic design, or as a reference to implement other monitoring solutions that require the use of different areas of knowledge in their design and implementation. The development of the project constitutes a social contribution that the Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia can offer to the departments of Boyacá and Casanare, through the consolidation and distribution of information on the behavior of meteorological variables, data that could be used for the early warning system and risk prevention.Introducción: La Estación Terrena Satelital (ETS), corresponde a una infraestructura tecnológica conformada por dispositivos de hardware y software que permite la comunicación desde tierra con un satélite. Objetivo: Este articulo tiene como propósito central describir las fases desarrolladas con la implementación de un sistema de monitoreo remoto de señales en tierra, para el análisis de variables metereológicas, y de esta manera, aumentar el porcentaje de utilización de los dispositivos que conforman la infraestructura de la Estación Terrena Satelital de la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (ETS-UPTC). Metodología: El diseño metodológico permitió validar el incremento en el porcentaje de uso diario de la ETS-UPTC. Permitió la identificación de las aplicaciones susceptibles a ser monitoreadas en tierra, la descripción de la estructura general del sistema, la adaptación del nodo sensor y el tratamiento de datos para su posterior visualización en el nodo coordinador. Resultados: Se logró desarrollar un nodo sensor, cuya implementación y adaptación con la ETS–UPTC permitió incrementar su nivel de uso diario en un 20 % aproximadamente. Conclusiones: La integración del sistema de monitoreo de variables meteorológicas con la ETS-UPTC, sirven como una alternativa, para ser replicada en otras estaciones terrenas satelitales construidas bajo el diseño tradicional monolítico, o como referente para implementar otras soluciones de monitoreo, que exijan el uso de diferentes áreas de conocimiento en su diseño e implementación. El desarrollo del proyecto, se constituye en un aporte social que la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia puede ofrecer a los departamentos de Boyacá y Casanare, a través de la consolidación y distribución de la información sobre el comportamiento de variables meteorológicas, datos que podrían ser utilizados para el sistema de alertas tempranas y prevención de riesgos

Sistema de monitoreo de señales en tierra usando la Estación Terrena Satelital UPTC

Introducción: La Estación Terrena Satelital (ETS), corresponde a una infraestructura tecnológica conformada por dispositivos de hardware y software que permite la comunicación desde tierra con un satélite. Objetivo: Este articulo tiene como propósito central describir las fases desarrolladas con la implementación de un sistema de monitoreo remoto de señales en tierra, para el análisis de variables metereológicas, y de esta manera, aumentar el porcentaje de utilización de los dispositivos que conforman la infraestructura de la Estación Terrena Satelital de la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (ETS-UPTC). Metodología: El diseño metodológico permitió validar el incremento en el porcentaje de uso diario de la ETS-UPTC. Permitió la identificación de las aplicaciones susceptibles a ser monitoreadas en tierra, la descripción de la estructura general del sistema, la adaptación del nodo sensor y el tratamiento de datos para su posterior visualización en el nodo coordinador. Resultados: Se logró desarrollar un nodo sensor, cuya implementación y adaptación con la ETS–UPTC permitió incrementar su nivel de uso diario en un 20 % aproximadamente. Conclusiones: La integración del sistema de monitoreo de variables meteorológicas con la ETS-UPTC, sirven como una alternativa, para ser replicada en otras estaciones terrenas satelitales construidas bajo el diseño tradicional monolítico, o como referente para implementar otras soluciones de monitoreo, que exijan el uso de diferentes áreas de conocimiento en su diseño e implementación. El desarrollo del proyecto, se constituye en un aporte social que la Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia puede ofrecer a los departamentos de Boyacá y Casanare, a través de la consolidación y distribución de la información sobre el comportamiento de variables meteorológicas, datos que podrían ser utilizados para el sistema de alertas tempranas y prevención de riesgos

Nonparametric Message Passing Methods for Cooperative Localization and Tracking

The objective of this thesis is the development of cooperative localization and tracking algorithms using nonparametric message passing techniques. In contrast to the most well-known techniques, the goal is to estimate the posterior probability density function (PDF) of the position of each sensor. This problem can be solved using Bayesian approach, but it is intractable in general case. Nevertheless, the particle-based approximation (via nonparametric representation), and an appropriate factorization of the joint PDFs (using message passing methods), make Bayesian approach acceptable for inference in sensor networks. The well-known method for this problem, nonparametric belief propagation (NBP), can lead to inaccurate beliefs and possible non-convergence in loopy networks. Therefore, we propose four novel algorithms which alleviate these problems: nonparametric generalized belief propagation (NGBP) based on junction tree (NGBP-JT), NGBP based on pseudo-junction tree (NGBP-PJT), NBP based on spanning trees (NBP-ST), and uniformly-reweighted NBP (URW-NBP). We also extend NBP for cooperative localization in mobile networks. In contrast to the previous methods, we use an optional smoothing, provide a novel communication protocol, and increase the efficiency of the sampling techniques. Moreover, we propose novel algorithms for distributed tracking, in which the goal is to track the passive object which cannot locate itself. In particular, we develop distributed particle filtering (DPF) based on three asynchronous belief consensus (BC) algorithms: standard belief consensus (SBC), broadcast gossip (BG), and belief propagation (BP). Finally, the last part of this thesis includes the experimental analysis of some of the proposed algorithms, in which we found that the results based on real measurements are very similar with the results based on theoretical models

Advanced Applications of Rapid Prototyping Technology in Modern Engineering

Rapid prototyping (RP) technology has been widely known and appreciated due to its flexible and customized manufacturing capabilities. The widely studied RP techniques include stereolithography apparatus (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), three-dimensional printing (3DP), fused deposition modeling (FDM), 3D plotting, solid ground curing (SGC), multiphase jet solidification (MJS), laminated object manufacturing (LOM). Different techniques are associated with different materials and/or processing principles and thus are devoted to specific applications. RP technology has no longer been only for prototype building rather has been extended for real industrial manufacturing solutions. Today, the RP technology has contributed to almost all engineering areas that include mechanical, materials, industrial, aerospace, electrical and most recently biomedical engineering. This book aims to present the advanced development of RP technologies in various engineering areas as the solutions to the real world engineering problems

Advances in Computer Science and Engineering

The book Advances in Computer Science and Engineering constitutes the revised selection of 23 chapters written by scientists and researchers from all over the world. The chapters cover topics in the scientific fields of Applied Computing Techniques, Innovations in Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Applications and Advances in Applied Modeling

Avoin alustakehitys IEEE 802.15.4 -standardin mukaisessa langattomassa automaatiossa

This doctoral dissertation focuses on open source platform development in wireless automation under IEEE 802.15.4 standard. Research method is empirical. A platform based approach, which targets to the design of a generic open source sensor platform, was selected as a design method. The design targets were further focused by interviewing the experts from the academia and industry. Generic and modular sensor platform, the UWASA Node, was developed as an outcome of this process. Based on the implementation results, a wireless sensor and actuator network based on the UWASA Node was a feasible solution for many types of wireless automation applications. It was also possible to interface it with the other parts of the system. The targeted level of sensor platform genericity was achieved. However, it was also observed that the achieved level of genericity increased the software complexity. The development of commercial sensor platforms, which support IEEE 802.15.4 sensor networking, has narrowed down the role of open source sensor platforms, but they are not disappearing. Commercial software is usually closed and connected to a specified platform, which makes it unsuitable for research and development work. Even though there exits many commercial WSN solutions and the market expectations in this area are high, there is still a lot of work to do before the visions about Internet of Things (IoT) are fulfilled, especially in the context of distributed and locally centralized operations in the network. In terms of control engineering, one of the main research issues is to figure out how the well-known control techniques may be applied in wireless automation where WSN is part of the automation system. Open source platforms offer an important tool in this research and development work.Tämä väitöskirja käsittelee avointa alustakehitystä IEEE 802.15.4 -standardin mukaisessa langattomassa automaatiossa. Tutkimusmenetelmä on empiirinen. Työssä sovelletaan alustaperustaista suunnittelutapaa, joka tähtää yleiskäyttöisen avoimen anturialustan kehittämiseen. Suunnittelun tavoitteita tarkennettiin haastattelemalla alan asiantuntijoita teollisuudesta ja yliopistomaailmasta. Tuloksena suunniteltiin ja toteutettiin anturialusta, the UWASA Node. Implementointituloksista voidaan vetää johtopäätös, että anturialustan tavoiteltu yleiskäyttöisyystaso saavutettiin. Toisaalta saavutettu yleiskäyttöisyystaso lisäsi alustan ohjelmistoarkkitehtuurin monimutkaisuutta. Kaupallisten IEEE 802.15.4 -standardia tukevien anturialustojen tulo markkinoille vähentää avointen anturialustojen käyttöä, mutta ne eivät ole katoamassa. Kaupalliset ohjelmistot ovat tyypillisesti suljettuja ja sidoksissa tiettyyn alustaan, mikä tekee niistä sopimattomia tutkimus- ja tuotekehityskäyttöön. Vaikka nykyään on saatavilla useita kaupallisia langattomia anturi- ja toimilaiteverkkoja, vaaditaan vielä paljon työtä ennen kun kaikki esineiden Internetiin (Internet of Things) liittyvät visiot voidaan toteuttaa. Tämä koskee erityisesti langattomassa anturi- ja toimilaiteverkossa hajautetusti tai paikallisesti toteutettavia toimintoja. Säätötekniikan näkökulmasta keskeinen kysymys on, miten tunnettuja säätömenetelmiä tulee soveltaa langattomassa automaatiossa, jossa langaton anturi- ja toimilaiteverkko on osa automaatiojärjestelmää. Avoimet anturialustat ovat tärkeä työkalu sen selvittämisessä.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Smart Wireless Sensor Networks

The recent development of communication and sensor technology results in the growth of a new attractive and challenging area - wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A wireless sensor network which consists of a large number of sensor nodes is deployed in environmental fields to serve various applications. Facilitated with the ability of wireless communication and intelligent computation, these nodes become smart sensors which do not only perceive ambient physical parameters but also be able to process information, cooperate with each other and self-organize into the network. These new features assist the sensor nodes as well as the network to operate more efficiently in terms of both data acquisition and energy consumption. Special purposes of the applications require design and operation of WSNs different from conventional networks such as the internet. The network design must take into account of the objectives of specific applications. The nature of deployed environment must be considered. The limited of sensor nodes� resources such as memory, computational ability, communication bandwidth and energy source are the challenges in network design. A smart wireless sensor network must be able to deal with these constraints as well as to guarantee the connectivity, coverage, reliability and security of network's operation for a maximized lifetime. This book discusses various aspects of designing such smart wireless sensor networks. Main topics includes: design methodologies, network protocols and algorithms, quality of service management, coverage optimization, time synchronization and security techniques for sensor networks