Evolution engine technology in exhaust gas recirculation for heavy-duty diesel engine

In this present year, engineers have been researching and inventing to get the optimum of less emission in every vehicle for a better environmental friendly. Diesel engines are known reusing of the exhaust gas in order to reduce the exhaust emissions such as NOx that contribute high factors in the pollution. In this paper, we have conducted a study that EGR instalment in the vehicle can be good as it helps to prevent highly amount of toxic gas formation, which NOx level can be lowered. But applying the EGR it can lead to more cooling and more space which will affect in terms of the costing. Throughout the research, fuelling in the engine affects the EGR producing less emission. Other than that, it contributes to the less of performance efficiency when vehicle load is less

Sun Tracking Systems: A Review

The output power produced by high-concentration solar thermal and photovoltaic systems is directly related to the amount of solar energy acquired by the system, and it is therefore necessary to track the sun's position with a high degree of accuracy. Many systems have been proposed to facilitate this task over the past 20 years. Accordingly, this paper commences by providing a high level overview of the sun tracking system field and then describes some of the more significant proposals for closed-loop and open-loop types of sun tracking systems

ANFIS Used as a Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm for a Photovoltaic System

Photovoltaic (PV) modules play an important role in modern distribution networks; however, from the beginning, PV modules have mostly been used in order to produce clean, green energy and to make a profit. Working effectively during the day, PV systems tend to achieve a maximum power point accomplished by inverters with built-in Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms. This paper presents an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), as a method for predicting an MPP based on data on solar exposure and the surrounding temperature. The advantages of the proposed method are a fast response, non-invasive sampling, total harmonic distortion reduction, more efficient usage of PV modules and a simple training of the ANFIS algorithm. To demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the ANFIS in relation to the MPPT algorithm, a practical sample case of 10 kW PV system and its measurements are used as a model for simulation. Modelling and simulations are performed using all available components provided by technical data. The results obtained from the simulations point to the more efficient usage of the ANFIS model proposed as an MPPT algorithm for PV modules in comparison to other existing methods

Power quality optimization using a novel backstepping control of a three-phase grid-connected photovoltaic systems

A novel nonlinear backstepping controller based on direct current (DC) link voltage control is proposed in three-phase grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) systems to control the active and reactive power flow between the PV system and the grid with improved power quality in terms of pure sinusoidal current injection with lower total harmonic distortion (THD), as well as to ensure unity power factor, or to compensate for reactive power required by the load, i.e., the electrical grid. The output power of the PV array is supplied to the grid through a boost converter with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control and an inverter. Simulation results of the proposed controller show good robustness under nominal conditions, parameter variations, and load disturbances, which presents the main advantage of this controller as compared to an existing controller. The performance of this work was evaluated using a MATLAB/Simulink environment

Investigation to Improve the Control and Operation of a Three-phase Photovoltaic Grid-tie Inverter

Solar Energy or more precisely photovoltaic energy is one of the most promising sources of electricity for the future and it can be used as a distributed generator (DG) to play its role in ‘smart grids of the future’. Distributed PV (photovoltaic) generators can provide numerous potential benefits such as augmenting the capacity of distribution systems, deferring capital investments on distribution and transmission (T&D) systems and improving power quality and system reliability. The PV energy which possesses very special I-V and P-V characteristics has to be conditioned by a PV inverter before it can be consumed by an ac load and/or the grid. Technical improvements in maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and islanding detection are proposed for a three-phase photovoltaic grid tied inverter (GTI) keeping in mind the requirements of the international standards for connecting a DG to the utility grid. This PhD thesis will contain four major sections which are briefed below. A three phase GTI has been simulated using Matlab/Simulink to test the various control blocks and algorithms involved in the building of the power conditioning unit. A DS1104 dSpace DSP controlled, 5.625 kW three-phase GTI laboratory prototype has then been built. Various hardware components, including inverter switches, gate drivers, LCL filter, rectified dc source, boost circuit, transformer, 16A current protection circuit, additional sensing interface circuits and PWM level shifter have been designed and built within the laboratory. The software algorithm created in Simulink communicates directly with the built hardware via the graphical user interface that has been designed with dSPace Control Desk. Algorithms have been developed for the inverter in order to protect it from operating out of nominal frequency and voltage ranges. An algorithm has been developed iii to ensure the boost dc link voltage is controlled to 300V when dc voltage source varies between 150V and 265V. The Z-Source inverter (ZSI), with nine operating states that employs an extra shoot through (ST) state compared to the eight states (6 active and 2 zero states) in traditional VSI is one of the most recent boost topologies that has been proposed in the literature. A step by step design procedure of a ZSI has been developed. A topology comparison between Z-Source inverter and dc-dc boost with VSI is done using literature and simulations. Merits and demerits of the two topologies are summarised and the choice of the topology is justified. MPPT is a process by which maximum power from a PV panel or array is tracked and absorbed during a particular weather condition (insolation level and temperature). There are various MPPT techniques in the literature which are reviewed and a new MPPT approach based on the P&O (Perturb and Observe) method is proposed. The proposed technique is tested on the three phase GTI simulation, it is analysed and compared to the conventionally reviewed P&O MPPT approach. The issue of islanding of GTI’s has raised concerns of equipment and personal safety, for which reason the inverter has to detect and stop the inverter during loss of grid. Passive techniques can detect the grid failure quite well when there is a large power mismatch between the DG and the load but not when the mismatch is small. Active techniques can work well with lower levels of power mismatch but they degrade power quality by introducing disturbances into the power system. A novel wavelet based antiislanding technique is proposed and incorporated into the running hardware protection. This uses physical measurements to reduce the non-detection zone close to zero and keep the power quality of the inverter output unchanged. The developed algorithms have been validated in the laboratory prototype and yield very satisfactory performance

POWER DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS

Electronic systems are continuously growing nowadays in every ambit and application; concepts like mobile systems, domotic, wireless monitoring are becoming very common, and the reason is the continuous reduction of the energy and time needed to collect, process and send information and data to the end user. The energy management complexity of these systems is increasing in parallel both in terms of efficiency and reliability, in order to increase the lifetime of the application and try to make it energy-autonomous, thus also the power management should not be seen only as an efficient energy conversion stage, but as a complex system which can now manage different energy sources, and ensure an uninterrupted power supply to the application. The problems that must be overcome increase as the number of scenarios where the end applications have to be used: this thesis aims to present some complex power distribution systems and provide a detailed analysis of the strategies necessary to make the solution reliable and efficient

Performance evaluation of the photovoltaic system

The various renewable energy source technologies, Photovoltaics (PV) transforming sunlight directly into electricity, have become standard practice worldwide, especially in countries with high solar radiation levels. PV systems have been developed rapidly over recent years, and many new technologies have emerged from different producers. For each type of PV module, manufacturers provide specific information on rated performance parameters, including power at maximum power point (MPP), efficiency and temperature factors, all under standard solar test conditions (STC) 1000 W/m2. Air. In addition, the mass (AM) of 1.5 and the cell's temperature was 25 ̊C. Unfortunately, this grouping of environmental conditions is infrequently found in outdoor conditions. Also, the data provided by the manufacturers are not sufficient to accurately predict the performance of photovoltaic systems in various climatic conditions. Therefore, monitoring and evaluating the performance of the off-site systems is necessary. This thesis aims to overview various photovoltaic technologies, ranging from crystalline silicon (c-SI) to thin-film CdTe and GiCs. The following are the main parameters for evaluating the external units' performance to describe the PV systems' operation and implementation. In addition, a review of the impacts of various environmental and operational factors, such as solar radiation, temperature, spectrum, and degradation

Extremum Seeking Maximum Power Point Tracking for a Stand-Alone and a Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems

Energy harvesting from solar sources in an attempt to increase efficiency has sparked interest in many communities to develop more energy harvesting applications for renewable energy topics. Advanced technical methods are required to ensure the maximum available power is harnessed from the photovoltaic (PV) system. This dissertation proposed a new discrete-in-time extremum-seeking (ES) based technique for tracking the maximum power point of a photovoltaic array. The proposed method is a true maximum power point tracker that can be implemented with reasonable processing effort on an expensive digital controller. The dissertation presented a stability analysis of the proposed method to guarantee the convergence of the algorithm. Two-types of PV systems were designed and comprehensive framework of control design was considered for a stand-alone and a three-phase grid connected system. Grid-tied systems commonly have a two-stage power electronics interface, which is necessary due to the inherent limitation of the DC-AC (Inverter) power converging stage. However, a one stage converter topology, denoted as Quasi-Z-source inverter (q-ZSI), was selected to interface the PV panel which overcomes the inverter limitations to harvest the maximum available power A powerful control scheme called Model Predictive Control with Finite Set (MPC-FS) was designed to control the grid connected system. The predictive control was selected to achieve a robust controller with superior dynamic response in conjunction with the extremum-seeking algorithm to enhance the system behavior. The proposed method exhibited a better performance in comparison to conventional Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods and required less computational effort than the complex mathematical methods