Cooperation among competitors in the open-source arena: The case of OpenStack

Interorganizational interactions are often complex and paradoxical. In this research, we transcend two management paradoxes: (competition versus cooperation) and (open-source versus proprietary) technology development. We follow the OpenStack open-source ecosystem where competing firms cooperate in the joint-development of a cloud infrastructure for big data. We provide a narrative, complemented with social network visualizations, which depicts the evolution of cooperation and competition. Our findings suggest that development transparency and weak intellectual property rights (i.e., characteristics of open-source ecosystems) allow a focal firm to transfer information and resources more easily between multiple alliances

Coopetition in an open-source way : lessons from mobile and cloud computing infrastructures

An increasing amount of technology is no longer developed in-house. Instead, we are in a new age where technology is developed by a networked community of individuals and organizations, who base their relations to each other on mutual interest. Advances arising from research in platforms, ecosystems, and infrastructures can provide valuable knowledge for better understanding and explaining technology development among a network of firms. More surprisingly, recent research suggests that technology can be jointly developed by rival competing firms in an open-source way. For instance, it is known that the mobile device makers Apple and Samsung continued collaborating in open-source projects while running expensive patent wars in the courts. On top of multidisciplinary theory in open-source software, cooperation among competitors (aka coopetition) and digital infrastructures, I (and my coauthors) explored how rival firms cooperate in the joint development of open-source infrastructures. While assimilating a wide variety of paradigms and analytical approaches, this doctoral research combined the qualitative analysis of naturally occurring data (QA) with the mining of software repositories (MSR) and social network analysis (SNA) within a set of case studies. By turning to the mobile and cloud computing industries in general, and the WebKit and OpenStack opensource infrastructures in particular, we found out that qualitative ethnographic materials, combined with social network visualizations, provide a rich medium that enables a better understanding of competitive and cooperative issues that are simultaneously present and interconnected in open-source infrastructures. Our research contributes back to managerial literature in coopetition strategy, but more importantly to Information Systems by addressing both cooperation and competition within the development of high-networked open-source infrastructures.Yhä suurempaa osaa teknologiasta ei enää kehitetä organisaatioiden omasta toimesta. Sen sijaan, olemme uudella aikakaudella jossa teknologiaa kehitetään verkostoituneessa yksilöiden ja organisaatioiden yhteisössä, missä toimitaan perustuen yhteiseen tavoitteeseen. Alustojen, ekosysteemien ja infrastruktuurien tutkimuksen tulokset voivat tuottaa arvokasta tietämystä teknologian kehittämisestä yritysten verkostossa. Erityisesti tuore tutkimustieto osoittaa että kilpailevat yritykset voivat yhdessä kehittää teknologiaa avoimeen lähdekoodiin perustuvilla käytännöillä. Esimerkiksi tiedetään että mobiililaitteiden valmistajat Apple ja Samsung tekivät yhteistyötä avoimen lähdekoodin projekteissa ja kävivät samaan aikaan kalliita patenttitaistoja eri oikeusfoorumeissa. Perustuen monitieteiseen teoriaan avoimen lähdekoodin ohjelmistoista, yhteistyöstä kilpailijoiden kesken (coopetition) sekä digitaalisista infrastruktuureista, minä (ja kanssakirjoittajani) tutkimme miten kilpailevat yritykset tekevät yhteistyötä avoimen lähdekoodin infrastruktuurien kehityksessä. Sulauttaessaan runsaan joukon paradigmoja ja analyyttisiä lähestymistapoja case-joukon puitteissa, tämä väitöskirjatutkimus yhdisti luonnollisesti esiintyvän datan kvantitatiivisen analyysin ohjelmapakettivarastojen louhintaan ja sosiaalisten verkostojen analyysiin. Tutkiessamme mobiili- ja pilvipalveluiden teollisuudenaloja yleisesti, ja WebKit ja OpenStack avoimen lähdekoodin infrastruktuureja erityisesti, havaitsimme että kvalitatiiviset etnografiset materiaalit yhdistettyinä sosiaalisten verkostojen visualisointiin tuottavat rikkaan aineiston joka mahdollistaa avoimen lähdekoodin infrastruktuuriin samanaikaisesti liittyvien kilpailullisten ja yhteistyökuvioiden hyvän ymmärtämisen. Tutkimuksemme antaa oman panoksensa johdon kirjallisuuteen coopetition strategy -alueella, mutta sitäkin enemmän tietojärjestelmätieteeseen, läpikäymällä sekä yhteistyötä että kilpailua tiiviisti verkostoituneessa avoimen lähdekoodin infrastruktuurien kehitystoiminnassaUma crescente quantidade de tecnologia não é desenvolvida internamente por uma só organização. Em vez disso, estamos em uma nova era em que a tecnologia é desenvolvida por uma comunidade de indivíduos e organizações que baseiam suas relações umas com as outras numa rede de interesse mútuo. Os avanços teórico decorrentes da pesquisa em plataformas computacionais, ecossistemas e infraestruturas digitais fornecem conhecimentos valiosos para uma melhor compreensão e explicação do desenvolvimento tecnológico por uma rede de multiplas empresas. Mais surpreendentemente, pesquisas recentes sugerem que tecnologia pode ser desenvolvida conjuntamente por empresas rivais concorrentes e de uma forma aberta (em código aberto). Por exemplo, sabe-se que os fabricantes de dispositivos móveis Apple e Samsung continuam a colaborar em projetos de código aberto ao mesmo tempo que se confrontam em caras guerras de patentes nos tribunais. Baseados no conhecimento científico de software de código aberto, de cooperação entre concorrentes (também conhecida como coopetição) e de infraestruturas digitais, eu e os meus co-autores exploramos como empresas concorrentes cooperam no desenvolvimento conjunto de infraestruturas de código aberto. Ao utilizar uma variedade de paradigmas e abordagens analíticas, esta pesquisa de doutoramento combinou a análise qualitativa de dados de ocorrência natural (QA) com a análise de repositórios de softwares (MSR) e a análise de redes sociais (SNA) dentro de um conjunto de estudos de casos. Ao investigar as industrias de technologias móveis e de computação em nuvem em geral, e as infraestruturas em código aberto WebKit e OpenStack, em particular, descobrimos que o material etnográfico qualitativo, combinado com visualizações de redes sociais, fornece um meio rico que permite uma melhor compreensão das problemas competitivos e cooperativos que estão simultaneamente presentes e interligados em infraestruturas de código aberto. A nossa pesquisa contribui para a literatura em gestão estratégica e coompetição, mas mais importante para literatura em Sistemas de Informação, abordando a cooperação e concorrência no desenvolvimento de infraestruturas de código aberto por uma rede the indivíduos e organizações em interesse mútuo

Algorithms for advance bandwidth reservation in media production networks

Media production generally requires many geographically distributed actors (e.g., production houses, broadcasters, advertisers) to exchange huge amounts of raw video and audio data. Traditional distribution techniques, such as dedicated point-to-point optical links, are highly inefficient in terms of installation time and cost. To improve efficiency, shared media production networks that connect all involved actors over a large geographical area, are currently being deployed. The traffic in such networks is often predictable, as the timing and bandwidth requirements of data transfers are generally known hours or even days in advance. As such, the use of advance bandwidth reservation (AR) can greatly increase resource utilization and cost efficiency. In this paper, we propose an Integer Linear Programming formulation of the bandwidth scheduling problem, which takes into account the specific characteristics of media production networks, is presented. Two novel optimization algorithms based on this model are thoroughly evaluated and compared by means of in-depth simulation results

Service Prototyping Lab Report - 2017 (Y2)

The annual activity report of the Service Prototyping Lab at Zurich University of Applied Sciences. Research trends and initiatives, research projects, transfer to education and local industry, academic community involvement, qualification and scientific development over the period of one year are among the covered topics

How do companies collaborate in open source ecosystems? An empirical study of OpenStack

OpenSourceSoftware (OSS) has come to play a critical role in the software industry. Some large ecosystems enjoy the participation of large numbers of companies, each of which has its own focus and goals. Indeed, companies that otherwise compete, may become collaborators within the OSS ecosystem they participate in. Prior research has largely focused on commercial involvement in OSS projects, but there is a scarcity of research focusing on company collaborations within OSS ecosystems. Some of these ecosystems have become critical building blocks for organizations worldwide; hence, a clear understanding of how companies collaborate within large ecosystems is essential. This paper presents the results of an empirical study of the Open Stack ecosystem, in which hundreds of companies collaborate on thousands of project repositories to deliver cloud distributions. Based on a detailed analysis, we identify clusters of collaborations, and identify four strategies that companies adopt to engage with the Open Stack ecosystem. We also find that companies may engage in intentional or passive collaborations, or may work in an isolated fashion. Further, we find that a company’s position in the collaboration network is positively associated with its productivity in Open Stack. Our study sheds light on how large OSS ecosystems work, and in particular on the patterns of collaboration within one such large ecosystem

Review of CERN Data Centre Infrastructure

The CERN Data Centre is reviewing strategies for optimizing the use of the existing infrastructure and expanding to a new data centre by studying how other large sites are being operated. Over the past six months, CERN has been investigating modern and widely-used tools and procedures used for virtualisation, clouds and fabric management in order to reduce operational effort, increase agility and support unattended remote data centres. This paper gives the details on the project’s motivations, current status and areas for future investigation

Integração de funções de rede virtualizadas e funções de rede físicas

Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and Software Defined Networking (SDN) have been in the center of network evolution, promising a more flexible and efficient way of managing networks through the on-demand instantiation of network functions (NFs) and reconfigurability of the network as necessary. Nevertheless, as new mechanisms are developed, such technologies require testing before their adoption into real-world deployments. This is where this dissertation contributes, by proposing and evaluating a system architecture that integrates a physical wireless testbed with a cloud-based environment. This allows physical wireless nodes to become part of the cloud environment, enabling its use and configuration as virtual NFs (VNFs). Results showcased the system feasibility, with the testbed being able to instantiate on-demand virtual and physical NFs, in the physical wireless nodes and in an OpenStack data-center.A Virtualização de Funções de Rede e as Redes Definidas por Software têm estado no centro da evolução das redes, prometendo uma forma mais flexível e eficiente de as gerenciar através da instanciação on-demand de Funções de Rede e da sua reconfiguração conforme o necessário. No entanto, à medida que novos mecanismos são desenvolvidos, é também necessário a realização de testes sobre estas tecnologias antes destas serem adotadas em implementações em contexto real. É aqui que esta dissertação contribui, propondo e avaliando uma arquitetura de sistema que integra um testbed físico sem fios, com um ambiente baseado em nuvem. Isto permite que os nós sem fios físicos se tornem parte do ambiente de nuvem, permitindo o seu uso e configuração como Funções de Rede Virtuais. Os resultados demonstraram a viabilidade do sistema, dada a capacidade da testbed em instanciar Funções de Rede virtuais e físicas quando requisitadas tanto nos nós sem fios físicos quanto no servidor OpenStack.Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e Telecomunicaçõe

INDIGO-DataCloud: a Platform to Facilitate Seamless Access to E-Infrastructures

[EN] This paper describes the achievements of the H2020 project INDIGO-DataCloud. The project has provided e-infrastructures with tools, applications and cloud framework enhancements to manage the demanding requirements of scientific communities, either locally or through enhanced interfaces. The middleware developed allows to federate hybrid resources, to easily write, port and run scientific applications to the cloud. In particular, we have extended existing PaaS (Platform as a Service) solutions, allowing public and private e-infrastructures, including those provided by EGI, EUDAT, and Helix Nebula, to integrate their existing services and make them available through AAI services compliant with GEANT interfederation policies, thus guaranteeing transparency and trust in the provisioning of such services. Our middleware facilitates the execution of applications using containers on Cloud and Grid based infrastructures, as well as on HPC clusters. Our developments are freely downloadable as open source components, and are already being integrated into many scientific applications.INDIGO-Datacloud has been funded by the European Commision H2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement RIA 653549.Salomoni, D.; Campos, I.; Gaido, L.; Marco, J.; Solagna, P.; Gomes, J.; Matyska, L.... (2018). INDIGO-DataCloud: a Platform to Facilitate Seamless Access to E-Infrastructures. Journal of Grid Computing. 16(3):381-408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10723-018-9453-3S381408163García, A.L., Castillo, E.F.-d., Puel, M.: Identity federation with VOMS in cloud infrastructures. In: 2013 IEEE 5Th International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science, pp 42–48 (2013)Chadwick, D.W., Siu, K., Lee, C., Fouillat, Y., Germonville, D.: Adding federated identity management to OpenStack. Journal of Grid Computing 12(1), 3–27 (2014)Craig, A.L.: A design space review for general federation management using keystone. In: Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE/ACM 7th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing, pp 720–725. IEEE Computer Society (2014)Pustchi, N., Krishnan, R., Sandhu, R.: Authorization federation in iaas multi cloud. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Security in Cloud Computing, pp 63–71. ACM (2015)Lee, C.A., Desai, N., Brethorst, A.: A Keystone-Based Virtual Organization Management System. In: 2014 IEEE 6Th International Conference On Cloud Computing Technology and Science (Cloudcom), pp 727–730. IEEE (2014)Castillo, E.F.-d., Scardaci, D., García, A.L.: The EGI Federated Cloud e-Infrastructure. Procedia Computer Science 68, 196–205 (2015)AARC project: AARC Blueprint Architecture, see https://aarc-project.eu/architecture . Technical report (2016)Oesterle, F., Ostermann, S., Prodan, R., Mayr, G.J.: Experiences with distributed computing for meteorological applications: grid computing and cloud computing. Geosci. Model Dev. 8(7), 2067–2078 (2015)Plasencia, I.C., Castillo, E.F.-d., Heinemeyer, S., García, A.L., Pahlen, F., Borges, G.: Phenomenology tools on cloud infrastructures using OpenStack. The European Physical Journal C 73(4), 2375 (2013)Boettiger, C.: An introduction to docker for reproducible research. ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review 49(1), 71–79 (2015)Docker: http://www.docker.com (2013)Gomes, J., Campos, I., Bagnaschi, E., David, M., Alves, L., Martins, J., Pina, J., Alvaro, L.-G., Orviz, P.: Enabling rootless linux containers in multi-user environments: the udocker tool. Computing Physics Communications. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2018.05.021 (2018)Zhang, Z., Chuan, W., Cheung, D.W.L.: A survey on cloud interoperability taxonomies, standards, and practice. SIGMETRICS perform. Eval. Rev. 40(4), 13–22 (2013)Lorido-Botran, T., Miguel-Alonso, J., Lozano, J.A.: A Review of Auto-scaling Techniques for Elastic Applications in Cloud Environments. Journal of Grid Computing 12(4), 559–592 (2014)Nyrén, R., Metsch, T., Edmonds, A., Papaspyrou, A.: Open Cloud Computing Interface–Core. Technical report, Open Grid Forum (2010)Metsch, T., Edmonds, A.: Open Cloud Computing Interface-Infrastructure. Technical report, Open Grid Forum (2010)Metsch, T., Edmonds, A.: Open Cloud Computing Interface-RESTful HTTP Rendering. Technical report, Open Grid Forum (2011)(Ca Technologies) Lipton, P., (Ibm) Moser, S., (Vnomic) Palma, D., (Ibm) Spatzier, T.: Topology and Orchestration Specification for Cloud Applications. Technical report, OASIS Standard (2013)Teckelmann, R., Reich, C., Sulistio, A.: Mapping of cloud standards to the taxonomy of interoperability in IaaS. In: Proceedings - 2011 3rd IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science, CloudCom 2011, pp 522–526 (2011)García, A.L., Castillo, E.F.-d., Fernández, P.O.: Standards for enabling heterogeneous IaaS cloud federations. Computer Standards & Interfaces 47, 19–23 (2016)Caballer, M., Zala, S., García, A.L., Montó, G., Fernández, P.O., Velten, M.: Orchestrating complex application architectures in heterogeneous clouds. Journal of Grid Computing 16 (1), 3–18 (2018)Hardt, M., Jejkal, T., Plasencia, I.C., Castillo, E.F.-d., Jackson, A., Weiland, M., Palak, B., Plociennik, M., Nielsson, D.: Transparent Access to Scientific and Commercial Clouds from the Kepler Workflow Engine. Computing and Informatics 31(1), 119 (2012)Fakhfakh, F., Kacem, H.H., Kacem, A.H.: Workflow Scheduling in Cloud Computing a Survey. In: IEEE 18Th International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference Workshops and Demonstrations (EDOCW), 2014, Vol. 71, pp. 372–378. Springer, New York (2014)Stockton, D.B., Santamaria, F.: Automating NEURON simulation deployment in cloud resources. Neuroinformatics 15(1), 51–70 (2017)Plóciennik, M., Fiore, S., Donvito, G., Owsiak, M., Fargetta, M., Barbera, R., Bruno, R., Giorgio, E., Williams, D.N., Aloisio, G.: Two-level Dynamic Workflow Orchestration in the INDIGO DataCloud for Large-scale, Climate Change Data Analytics Experiments. Procedia Computer Science 80, 722–733 (2016)Moreno-Vozmediano, R., Montero, R.S., Llorente, I.M.: Multicloud deployment of computing clusters for loosely coupled mtc applications. IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems 22(6), 924–930 (2011)Katsaros, G., Menzel, M., Lenk, A.: Cloud Service Orchestration with TOSCA, Chef and Openstack. In: Ic2e (2014)Garcia, A.L., Zangrando, L., Sgaravatto, M., Llorens, V., Vallero, S., Zaccolo, V., Bagnasco, S., Taneja, S., Dal Pra, S., Salomoni, D., Donvito, G.: Improved Cloud resource allocation: how INDIGO-DataCloud is overcoming the current limitations in Cloud schedulers. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 898(9), 92010 (2017)Singh, S., Chana, I.: A survey on resource scheduling in cloud computing issues and challenges. Journal of Grid Computing, pp. 1–48 (2016)García, A.L., Castillo, E.F.-d., Fernández, P.O., Plasencia, I.C., de Lucas, J.M.: Resource provisioning in Science Clouds: Requirements and challenges. Software: Practice and Experience 48(3), 486–498 (2018)Chauhan, M.A., Babar, M.A., Benatallah, B.: Architecting cloud-enabled systems: a systematic survey of challenges and solutions. Software - Practice and Experience 47(4), 599–644 (2017)Somasundaram, T.S., Govindarajan, K.: CLOUDRB A Framework for scheduling and managing High-Performance Computing (HPC) applications in science cloud. Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst. 34, 47–65 (2014)Sotomayor, B., Keahey, K., Foster, I.: Overhead Matters: A Model for Virtual Resource Management. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Virtualization Technology in Distributed Computing SE - VTDC ’06, p 5. IEEE Computer Society, Washington (2006)SS, S.S., Shyam, G.K., Shyam, G.K.: Resource management for Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) in cloud computing SS Manvi A survey. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 41, 424–440 (2014)INDIGO-DataCloud consortium: Initial requirements from research communities - d2.1, see https://www.indigo-datacloud.eu/documents/initial-requirements-research-communities-d21 https://www.indigo-datacloud.eu/documents/initial-requirements-research-communities-d21 https://www.indigo-datacloud.eu/documents/initial-requirements-research-communities-d21 . Technical report (2015)Europen open science cloud: https://ec.europa.eu/research/openscience (2015)Proot: https://proot-me.github.io/ (2014)Runc: https://github.com/opencontainers/runc (2016)Fakechroot: https://github.com/dex4er/fakechroot (2015)Pérez, A., Moltó, G., Caballer, M., Calatrava, A.: Serverless computing for container-based architectures Future Generation Computer Systems (2018)de Vries, K.J.: Global fits of supersymmetric models after LHC run 1. Phd thesis Imperial College London (2015)Openstack: https://www.openstack.org/ (2015)See http://argus-documentation.readthedocs.io/en/stable/argus_introduction.html (2017)See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/xacml (2013)See http://www.simplecloud.info (2014)Opennebula: http://opennebula.org/ (2018)Redhat openshift: http://www.opencityplatform.eu (2011)The cloud foundry foundation: https://www.cloudfoundry.org/ (2015)Caballer, M., Blanquer, I., Moltó, G., de Alfonso, C.: Dynamic management of virtual infrastructures. Journal of Grid Computing 13(1), 53–70 (2015)See http://www.infoq.com/articles/scaling-docker-with-kubernetes http://www.infoq.com/articles/scaling-docker-with-kubernetes (2014)Prisma project: http://www.ponsmartcities-prisma.it/ (2010)Opencitiy platform: http://www.opencityplatform.eu (2014)Onedata: https://onedata.org/ (2018)Dynafed: http://lcgdm.web.cern.ch/dynafed-dynamic-federation-project http://lcgdm.web.cern.ch/dynafed-dynamic-federation-project (2011)Fts3: https://svnweb.cern.ch/trac/fts3 (2011)Fernández, P.O., García, A.L., Duma, D.C., Donvito, G., David, M., Gomes, J.: A set of common software quality assurance baseline criteria for research projects, see http://hdl.handle.net/10261/160086 . Technical reportHttermann, M.: Devops for developers Apress (2012)EOSC-Hub: ”Integrating and managing services for the European Open Science Cloud” Funded by H2020 research and innovation pr ogramme under grant agreement No. 777536. See http://eosc-hub.eu (2018)Apache License: author = https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 (2004)INDIGO Package Repo: http://repo.indigo-datacloud.eu/ (2017)INDIGO DockerHub: https://hub.docker.com/u/indigodatacloud/ https://hub.docker.com/u/indigodatacloud/ (2015)Indigo gitbook: https://indigo-dc.gitbooks.io/indigo-datacloud-releases https://indigo-dc.gitbooks.io/indigo-datacloud-releases (2017)Van Zundert, G.C., Bonvin, A.M.: Disvis: quantifying and visualizing the accessible interaction space of distance restrained biomolecular complexes. Bioinformatics 31(19), 3222–3224 (2015)Van Zundert, G.C., Bonvin, A.M.: Fast and sensitive rigid–body fitting into cryo–em density maps with powerfit. AIMS Biophys. 2(0273), 73–87 (2015