María José Domínguez Vázquez, Mónica Mirazo Balsa and Carlos Valcárcel Riveiro (Eds.). Studies on Multilingual Lexicography.

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Lexicographical and Translation Issues in the Inclusion of English

This is a crossroads time for dictionaries in print in general and for bilingual dictionaries of Economics in printin particular. A time when the prevalence of information technologies supposedly makes access to specializedlexicographical information easier and faster. The present study first reviews briefly the current situation of bilingual dictionaries of Economics on paper and their viability in a near future. It then examines, with more detail, the specific lexicographical issue of incorporating (i.e. translating) English financial neonyms, which appear practically everyday in print and internet media, into English-Spanish/Spanish-English Dictionaries of Economics on paper, normally published in the lapse of years. This gap between the immediacy of the Internet and the delay of printing, seems to cause serious problems to bilingual lexicographers specialized in Economics especially when questionable translations of such neonyms are already circulating on the web. This, in addition to the ample presence of electronic glossaries and dictionaries, easily accessible by translators and professionals, but whose reliability, on the other hand, is not always guaranteed. Finally, a more active role is recommended to bilingual lexicographers in Economics by taking advantage of internet information media services and by joining efforts with finance experts and professionals

Language technologies for a multilingual Europe

This volume of the series “Translation and Multilingual Natural Language Processing” includes most of the papers presented at the Workshop “Language Technology for a Multilingual Europe”, held at the University of Hamburg on September 27, 2011 in the framework of the conference GSCL 2011 with the topic “Multilingual Resources and Multilingual Applications”, along with several additional contributions. In addition to an overview article on Machine Translation and two contributions on the European initiatives META-NET and Multilingual Web, the volume includes six full research articles. Our intention with this workshop was to bring together various groups concerned with the umbrella topics of multilingualism and language technology, especially multilingual technologies. This encompassed, on the one hand, representatives from research and development in the field of language technologies, and, on the other hand, users from diverse areas such as, among others, industry, administration and funding agencies. The Workshop “Language Technology for a Multilingual Europe” was co-organised by the two GSCL working groups “Text Technology” and “Machine Translation” (http://gscl.info) as well as by META-NET (http://www.meta-net.eu)

Lexicographical and Translation Issues in the Inclusion of English Financial Neonyms in Spanish Bilingual Dictionaries of Economics on Paper

This is a crossroads time for dictionaries in print in general and for bilingual dictionaries of Economics in print in particular. A time when the prevalence of information technologies supposedly makes access to specialized lexicographical information easier and faster. The present study first reviews briefly the current situation of bilingual dictionaries of Economics on paper and their viability in a near future. It then examines, with more detail, the specific lexicographical issue of incorporating (i.e. translating) English financial neonyms, which appear practically every day in print and internet media, into English-Spanish/Spanish-English Dictionaries of Economics on paper, normally published in the lapse of years. This gap between the immediacy of the Internet and the delay of printing, seems to cause serious problems to bilingual lexicographers specialized in Economics especially when questionable translations of such neonyms are already circulating on the web. This, in addition to the ample presence of electronic glossaries and dictionaries, easily accessible by translators and professionals, but whose reliability, on the other hand, is not always guaranteed. Finally, a more active role is recommended to bilingual lexicographers in Economics by taking advantage of internet information media services and by joining efforts with finance experts and professionals

Sub-sentential alignment of translational correspondences

The focus of this thesis is sub-sentential alignment, i.e. the automatic alignment of translational correspondences below sentence level. The system that we developed takes as its input sentence-aligned parallel texts and aligns translational correspondences at the sub-sentential level, which can be words, word groups or chunks. The research described in this thesis aims to be of value to the developers of computer-assisted translation tools and to human translators in general. Two important aspects of this research are its focus on different text types and its focus on precision. In order to cover a wide range of syntactic and stylistic phenomena that emerge from different writing and translation styles, we used parallel texts of different text types. As the intended users are ultimately human translators, our explicit aim was to develop a model that aligns segments with a very high precision. This thesis consists of three major parts. The first part is introductory and focuses on the manual annotation, the resources used and the evaluation methodology. The second part forms the main contribution of this thesis and describes the sub-sentential alignment system that was developed. In the third part, two different applications are discussed. Although the global architecture of our sub-sentential alignment module is language-independent, the main focus is on the English-Dutch language pair. At the beginning of the research project, a Gold Standard was created. The manual reference corpus contains three different types of links: regular links for straightforward correspondences, fuzzy links for translation-specific shifts of various kinds, and null links for words for which no correspondence could be indicated. The different writing and translation styles in the different text types was reflected in the number of regular, fuzzy and null links. The sub-sentential alignment system is conceived as a cascaded model consisting of two phases. In the first phase, anchor chunks are linked on the basis of lexical correspondences and syntactic similarity. In the second phase, we use a bootstrapping approach to extract language-pair specific translation patterns. The alignment system is chunk-driven and requires only shallow linguistic processing tools for the source and the target languages, i.e. part-of-speech taggers and chunkers. To generate the lexical correspondences, we experimented with two different types of bilingual dictionaries: a handcrafted bilingual dictionary and probabilistic bilingual dictionaries. In the bootstrapping experiments, we started from the precise GIZA++ intersected word alignments. The proposed system improves the recall of the intersected GIZA++ word alignments without sacrificing precision, which makes the resulting alignments more useful for incorporation in CAT-tools or bilingual terminology extraction tools. Moreover, the system's ability to align discontiguous chunks makes the system useful for languages containing split verbal constructions and phrasal verbs. In the last part of this thesis, we demonstrate the usefulness of the sub-sentential alignment module in two different applications. First, we used the sub-sentential alignment module to guide bilingual terminology extraction on three different language pairs, viz. French-English, French-Italian and French-Dutch. Second, we compare the performance of our alignment system with a commercial sub-sentential translation memory system

Methodology for the Corpus-based English-German-Ukrainian Dictionary of Collocations

Traballo Fin de Máster en Lexicografía. Curso 2021-2022[EN]This Master’s thesis recounts the vision of the multilingual collocations dictionary project for the English, German, and Ukrainian languages (“Corpus-based English-German-Ukrainian Dictionary of Collocations” or EDU-Col) and elaborates on the methodology for compiling the dictionary and its key dictionary structures. The dictionary will cater to the needs of language learners, translators, text producers (journalists, copywriters), and native speakers. Tapping into the latest developments in NLP and the capabilities of corpora, the methodology for creating the proposed dictionary relies on the automatic extraction of dictionary information types, namely collocation candidates, example sentences, and translation equivalents for collocations. The automatic extraction is followed by manual validation in order to maintain the quality of the obtained lexicographic data.[DE]Diese Masterarbeit befasst sich mit der Konzeption des mehrsprachigen Kollokationswörterbuchs für die englische, deutsche und ukrainische Sprache ("Corpus-based English-German-Ukrainian Dictionary of Collocations" oder EDU-Col) und erläutert die Methodik für die Erstellung des Wörterbuchs und seine wichtigsten Wörterbuchstrukturen. Das Wörterbuch ist auf die Bedürfnisse von Sprachlernern, Übersetzern, Redakteuren (Journalisten, Werbetextern) und Muttersprachler ausgerichtet. Die Methodik zur Erstellung des vorgeschlagenen Wörterbuchs basiert auf der automatischen Extraktion von Wörterbuchinformationen, nämlich Kollokationskandidaten, Beispielsätzen und Übersetzungsäquivalenten für Kollokationen. Auf die automatische Extraktion folgt eine manuelle Überprüfung, um die Qualität der erhaltenen lexikografischen Daten zu gewährleiste

Language technologies for a multilingual Europe

This volume of the series “Translation and Multilingual Natural Language Processing” includes most of the papers presented at the Workshop “Language Technology for a Multilingual Europe”, held at the University of Hamburg on September 27, 2011 in the framework of the conference GSCL 2011 with the topic “Multilingual Resources and Multilingual Applications”, along with several additional contributions. In addition to an overview article on Machine Translation and two contributions on the European initiatives META-NET and Multilingual Web, the volume includes six full research articles. Our intention with this workshop was to bring together various groups concerned with the umbrella topics of multilingualism and language technology, especially multilingual technologies. This encompassed, on the one hand, representatives from research and development in the field of language technologies, and, on the other hand, users from diverse areas such as, among others, industry, administration and funding agencies. The Workshop “Language Technology for a Multilingual Europe” was co-organised by the two GSCL working groups “Text Technology” and “Machine Translation” (http://gscl.info) as well as by META-NET (http://www.meta-net.eu)

The Translation of Lexicalized Metaphors in Interlinguistic and Intercultural Communication of Financial Security Discourse: A Corpus-Based Analysis of English and Spanish Texts about Money Laundering

[EN]Financial crime is a significant factor in most transnational crime in general and is wide- reaching.Many critical stakeholders use specific metaphors in their communications to communicate security threats.Metaphors are often idiomatic speech that does not transfer easily from one language to another because they originate from cultural concepts. Within the public safety, regulatory and compliance community, key stakeholders from different linguistic backgrounds use English as a contact language to interact with their counterparts, the media, the public, and stakeholders to ensure regulatory compliance. Translating metaphors requires a special set of skills acquired through deep cultural knowledge and experience in both source and target cultures. The beginning of our research emanated from observing how language played a crucial role in relationships between everyone involved in the criminal justice process, not limited to the United States but also in a multitude of Spanish-speaking countries and geographical regions. Highly effective communication is critical for those who regulate against it, those involved in compliance initiatives, law enforcement, and the general public to better recognize and prevent money laundering. This project’s genesis came from interpreting criminal cases, translating documents in United States federal court cases, and observing how investigators followed the money trail to uncover illegal activity. The first-hand view of communications in that realm revealed how language played a crucial role in relationships between everyone involved in the criminal justice process, not only in the United States but also in many Spanish-speaking countries and geographical regions. Before this study, there has been little to no research on translating metaphors in the specialized regulatory financial compliance and enforcement language. The present study begins to fill that gap in research by providing a synchronic X-ray view of the current language spoken in that field through a corpus-based translation analysis of anti-money laundering texts. We developed a bilingual English- to-Spanish unidirectional corpus which we uploaded to Sketch Engine for analysis. Finally, we analyze and discuss translation techniques from English to Spanish and terminological findings. We found instances of intensifying metaphors from the source to target texts and adding or inserting metaphorical expressions in the target text where none were present in the source. We also found an ideological presence in translated expressions, consistent with other investigations involving security discourse. Finally, we found terminological inconsistencies in the metaphors for money laundering, tax haven, and shell company. We suggest practical implications for translators and stakeholders in the anti-money laundering discipline. We also provide pedagogical applications from custom building corpora and teaching translation of metaphors in the specialized financial regulation and compliance language. Developing specialized corpora and learning to use corpus-based translation analysis software will help translation students be better prepared for and improve the future of translation studies and their applications in specialized areas and beyond. Providing students with experience using linguistic analysis software will also help build critical technology skills that they will be able to apply across disciplines in the humanities and beyond, such as intelligence analysis and computer science. [ES]La delincuencia financiera es un factor relevante en la mayoría de los delitos transnacionales en general y tiene un gran alcance. Muchas personas interesadas utilizan metáforas específicas en sus comunicaciones para transmitir las amenazas a la seguridad. Las metáforas suelen ser expresiones idiomáticas que no se transmiten fácilmente de una lengua a otro debido a que tienen su origen en conceptos culturales. En lo que respecta a la seguridad pública, la reglamentación y el cumplimiento de la normativa, los principales interesados de diferentes orígenes lingüísticos utilizan el inglés como lengua de contacto para interactuar con sus homólogos, los medios de comunicación, el público y las partes interesadas para asegurar el cumplimiento de la normativa. La traducción de metáforas requiere un conjunto especial de habilidades adquiridas a través de un profundo conocimiento cultural y experiencia, tanto en la cultura de origen como en la de destino. El comienzo de nuestra investigación se debió a la observación de cómo el idioma desempeñaba un papel fundamental en las relaciones entre todos los implicados en el proceso de justicia penal, no solo en Estados Unidos, sino también en diversos países y regiones geográficas de habla hispana. Una comunicación altamente eficaz es esencial para que aquellos que regulan la lucha contra el blanqueo de capitales, quienes participan en iniciativas de cumplimiento de la normativa, las fuerzas y cuerpos de seguridad, así como el público en general, reconozcan y prevengan mejor el blanqueo de capitales. La génesis de este proyecto se remonta a la interpretación de causas penales, la traducción de documentos en casos de tribunales federales de Estados Unidos y la observación de cómo los investigadores seguían el rastro del dinero para descubrir actividades ilegales. La visión de primera mano de las comunicaciones en ese ámbito reveló cómo el idioma desempeñaba un papel fundamental en las relaciones entre todos los involucrados en el proceso de justicia penal, no solo en Estados Unidos, sino también en muchos países y regiones geográficas de habla hispana. Antes de este trabajo, apenas se había investigado la traducción de metáforas en el lenguaje especializado del cumplimiento y la aplicación de la normativa financiera. El presente estudio comienza a aclarar esa laguna en la investigación al ofrecer una radiografía sincrónica de la lengua que se habla actualmente en ese ámbito, a través de un análisis de la traducción de textos contra el blanqueo de capitales basado en un corpus. Desarrollamos un corpus unidireccional bilingüe inglés- español que hemos subido a Sketch Engine para su análisis. A continuación, se examinan y discuten las técnicas de traducción del inglés al español y los descubrimientos terminológicos. Encontramos casos en los que se intensifican las metáforas de los textos de origen a los de destino y se añaden o insertan expresiones metafóricas en el texto de destino en lugares en los que no se habían utilizado. Asimismo, observamos una presencia ideológica en las expresiones traducidas, de acuerdo con otras investigaciones sobre el discurso de la seguridad. Por último, nos encontramos con incongruencias terminológicas en las metáforas de blanqueo de capitales, paraíso fiscal y compañía de Shell. Nos sugerimos implicaciones prácticas para los traductores y las partes interesadas en la disciplina de la lucha contra el blanqueo de capitales. Asimismo, ofrecemos aplicaciones pedagógicas a través de la creación de corpus personalizados y la enseñanza de la traducción de metáforas en el lenguaje especializado de la regulación y el cumplimiento financiero. El desarrollo de corpus especializados y el aprendizaje de utilizar software de análisis de traducción basado en corpus ayudarán a los estudiantes de traducción a estar mejor preparados, así como también mejorarán el futuro de los estudios de traducción y sus aplicaciones en áreas especializadas y más allá. El brindar a los estudiantes experiencia en el uso de nuevos programas informáticos de análisis lingüístico también contribuirá a desarrollar aptitudes tecnológicas críticas que podrán aplicar en otras disciplinas de las humanidades y más allá, como el análisis de inteligencia y la informática