Physical Modelling of a Light Rail HVAC System Using Long-Term Measurements

A method to develop a physical HVAC model of a light rail using only operation data from long-term measurements is presented. Physical HVAC modelling is often based on costly wind tunnel tests or time and computationally intensive CFD calculations. This method is a new approach using only data from everyday operation of the light rail, reducing modelling cost and improving the model accuracy since real life conditions are analysed. Data from two years of passenger operation of a suburban light rail in Karlsruhe, Germany, is used. A standard physical model for a HVAC system and a train compartment is developed. This model is parametrised using data driven modelling and model training. For data driven modelling, the conducted data is analysed and suitable models are derived. For example, the cooling system is modelled using a look-up table based approach developed with the data. For model training, the data is first separated into test and training data. The training data is then separated into different batches (heating up, winter-night, winter-day and summer), to parameterise different physical quantities of the model. Using a systematic grid search, parameters that fit the training data in an optimal manner are found. Finally, the overall model is validated using the test data. Over a large temperature range from -5 °C to 35 °C the model shows good consistency with the test data. The mean absolute percentage error over all test data is 13 %. Within the batches, the summer data was modelled best with an error of about 8 %. The described method allows a fast and reliable method to develop an accurate physical HVAC model

component testing

Este relatório/dissertação foi desenvolvido no âmbito do Curso de Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrotécnica, e para a Unidade Curricular de Estágio, e representa o trabalho desenvolvido na empresa Critical Software, no âmbito do projeto interno Railway Embedded Software Validation na área de Component Testing. No projeto em que está envolvido este estágio, visa-se testar componentes do sistema de controlo do comboio (Luzes, Travagem, ...), ou seja, testar se uma das partes dos componentes está a funcionar dentro dos parâmetros exigidos e/ou estabelecidos. Para isso foi necessário passar por um processo de aprendizagem com várias etapas, entre as quais se podem destacar: - como funcionam os comboios; - como são aplicadas as normas; - como são descritos os requisitos necessários para que os comboios funcionem dentro dos parâmetros de segurança. Com isso em perspetiva, foram realizadas atividades de verificação formal, com objetivo fazer a especificação e desenvolvimento dos diversos níveis de teste o sistema. Alguns dos sistemas estudados foram de tração, sistema de travagem, controlos do motorista e de diagnóstico

Towards the Internet of Smart Trains: A Review on Industrial IoT-Connected Railways

[Abstract] Nowadays, the railway industry is in a position where it is able to exploit the opportunities created by the IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) and enabling communication technologies under the paradigm of Internet of Trains. This review details the evolution of communication technologies since the deployment of GSM-R, describing the main alternatives and how railway requirements, specifications and recommendations have evolved over time. The advantages of the latest generation of broadband communication systems (e.g., LTE, 5G, IEEE 802.11ad) and the emergence of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) for the railway environment are also explained together with the strategic roadmap to ensure a smooth migration from GSM-R. Furthermore, this survey focuses on providing a holistic approach, identifying scenarios and architectures where railways could leverage better commercial IIoT capabilities. After reviewing the main industrial developments, short and medium-term IIoT-enabled services for smart railways are evaluated. Then, it is analyzed the latest research on predictive maintenance, smart infrastructure, advanced monitoring of assets, video surveillance systems, railway operations, Passenger and Freight Information Systems (PIS/FIS), train control systems, safety assurance, signaling systems, cyber security and energy efficiency. Overall, it can be stated that the aim of this article is to provide a detailed examination of the state-of-the-art of different technologies and services that will revolutionize the railway industry and will allow for confronting today challenges.Galicia. Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria; ED431C 2016-045Galicia. Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria; ED341D R2016/012Galicia. Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria; ED431G/01Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España); TEC2013-47141-C4-1-RAgencia Estatal de Investigación (España); TEC2015-69648-REDCAgencia Estatal de Investigación (España); TEC2016-75067-C4-1-

Powertrain Systems for Net-Zero Transport

The transport sector continues to shift towards alternative powertrains, particularly with the UK Government’s announcement to end the sale of petrol and diesel passenger cars by 2030 and increasing support for alternatives. Despite this announcement, the internal combustion continues to play a significant role both in the passenger car market through the use of hybrids and sustainable low carbon fuels, as well as a key role in other sectors such as heavy-duty vehicles and off-highway applications across the globe. Building on the industry-leading IC Engines conference, the 2021 Powertrain Systems for Net-Zero Transport conference (7-8 December 2021, London, UK) focussed on the internal combustion engine’s role in Net-Zero transport as well as covered developments in the wide range of propulsion systems available (electric, fuel cell, sustainable fuels etc) and their associated powertrains. To achieve the net-zero transport across the globe, the life-cycle analysis of future powertrain and energy was also discussed. Powertrain Systems for Net-Zero Transport provided a forum for engine, fuels, e-machine, fuel cell and powertrain experts to look closely at developments in powertrain technology required, to meet the demands of the net-zero future and global competition in all sectors of the road transportation, off-highway and stationary power industries

Powertrain Systems for Net-Zero Transport

The transport sector continues to shift towards alternative powertrains, particularly with the UK Government’s announcement to end the sale of petrol and diesel passenger cars by 2030 and increasing support for alternatives. Despite this announcement, the internal combustion continues to play a significant role both in the passenger car market through the use of hybrids and sustainable low carbon fuels, as well as a key role in other sectors such as heavy-duty vehicles and off-highway applications across the globe. Building on the industry-leading IC Engines conference, the 2021 Powertrain Systems for Net-Zero Transport conference (7-8 December 2021, London, UK) focussed on the internal combustion engine’s role in Net-Zero transport as well as covered developments in the wide range of propulsion systems available (electric, fuel cell, sustainable fuels etc) and their associated powertrains. To achieve the net-zero transport across the globe, the life-cycle analysis of future powertrain and energy was also discussed. Powertrain Systems for Net-Zero Transport provided a forum for engine, fuels, e-machine, fuel cell and powertrain experts to look closely at developments in powertrain technology required, to meet the demands of the net-zero future and global competition in all sectors of the road transportation, off-highway and stationary power industries

iCity. Transformative Research for the Livable, Intelligent, and Sustainable City

This open access book presents the exciting research results of the BMBF funded project iCity carried out at University of Applied Science Stuttgart to help cities to become more liveable, intelligent and sustainable, to become a LIScity. The research has been pursued with industry partners and NGOs from 2017 to 2020. A LIScity is increasingly digitally networked, uses resources efficiently, and implements intelligent mobility concepts. It guarantees the supply of its grid-bound infrastructure with a high proportion of renewable energy. Intelligent cities are increasingly human-centered, integrative, and flexible, thus placing the well-being of the citizens at the center of developments to increase the quality of life. The articles in this book cover research aimed to meet these criteria. The book covers research in the fields of energy (i.e. algorithms for heating and energy storage systems, simulation programs for thermal local heating supply, runtime optimization of combined heat and power (CHP), natural ventilation), mobility (i.e. charging distribution and deep learning, innovative emission-friendly mobility, routing apps, zero-emission urban logistics, augmented reality, artificial intelligence for individual route planning, mobility behavior), information platforms (i.e. 3DCity models in city planning: sunny places visualization, augmented reality for windy cities, internet of things (IoT) monitoring to visualize device performance, storing and visualizing dynamic energy data of smart cities), and buildings and city planning (i.e. sound insulation of sustainable facades and balconies, multi-camera mobile systems for inspection of tunnels, building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) as active façade elements, common space, the building envelopes potential in smart sustainable cities)

Analisis Ducting pada Sistem Pengkondisian Udara Kereta Ukur PT INKA 2015

Kereta ukur yang diproduksi tahun 2015 tergolong kurang nyaman karena distribusi udara dan temperatur kurang baik jika merujuk pada Permen Perhub RI mengenai kenyaman termal didalam kereta. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan simulasi Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) untuk mengetahui distribusi kecepatan pada ducting serta distribusi temperatur dan kecepatan pada gerbong kereta untuk mencapai kenyamanan termal. Penelitian ini memiliki 4 simulasi utama yang terdiri dari model Kereta Ukur dan tiga variasi desain baru berdasarkan dimensi outlet ducting. Hal ini dilakukan untuk memperoleh hasil simulasi berupa kontur kecepatan pada ducting serta kontur temperatur dan kecepatan udara pada gerbong. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan spesifikasi 12 outlet yang jarak antar outlet ductingnya sebesar 1300 mm dengan luasan outlet 200 x 50 mm. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah distribusi kecepatan pada ducting yang merata dengan temperatur rata-rata pada gerbong sebesar 23,8°C dan kecepatan 0,4 m/s. ===================================================================================== The measurement train which is fabricated in 2015 is classified to be uncomfortable based on its air distribution and temperature which is not decent according to Permen Perhub RI about thermal comfort in a train. In this experiment it has already been conducted the simulation using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to know the velocity distribution of the ducting as well as its temperature and velocity distribution of a train vehicle to attain the thermal comfort. This experiment has 4 main simulations which is consisting of Measurement Train model and three variations of new design based on ducting outlet dimension. It is conducted to obtain the simulation result of velocity contour of the ducting as well as temperature and air velocity contour of a vehicle. This experiment is conducted with the specification of 12 outlets which the space between its ducting outlet is 1300mm with the outlet area of 200x50mm. The result of this experiment is velocity distribution of the ducting which is well distributed with the vehicle average temperature of 23,80C and velocity of 0,4m/s

iCity. Transformative Research for the Livable, Intelligent, and Sustainable City

This open access book presents the exciting research results of the BMBF funded project iCity carried out at University of Applied Science Stuttgart to help cities to become more liveable, intelligent and sustainable, to become a LIScity. The research has been pursued with industry partners and NGOs from 2017 to 2020. A LIScity is increasingly digitally networked, uses resources efficiently, and implements intelligent mobility concepts. It guarantees the supply of its grid-bound infrastructure with a high proportion of renewable energy. Intelligent cities are increasingly human-centered, integrative, and flexible, thus placing the well-being of the citizens at the center of developments to increase the quality of life. The articles in this book cover research aimed to meet these criteria. The book covers research in the fields of energy (i.e. algorithms for heating and energy storage systems, simulation programs for thermal local heating supply, runtime optimization of combined heat and power (CHP), natural ventilation), mobility (i.e. charging distribution and deep learning, innovative emission-friendly mobility, routing apps, zero-emission urban logistics, augmented reality, artificial intelligence for individual route planning, mobility behavior), information platforms (i.e. 3DCity models in city planning: sunny places visualization, augmented reality for windy cities, internet of things (IoT) monitoring to visualize device performance, storing and visualizing dynamic energy data of smart cities), and buildings and city planning (i.e. sound insulation of sustainable facades and balconies, multi-camera mobile systems for inspection of tunnels, building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) as active façade elements, common space, the building envelopes potential in smart sustainable cities)

THIESEL 2022. Conference on Thermo-and Fluid Dynamics of Clean Propulsion Powerplants

The THIESEL 2022. Conference on Thermo-and Fluid Dynamic Processes in Direct Injection Engines planned in Valencia (Spain) for 8th to 11th September 2020 has been successfully held in a virtual format, due to the COVID19 pandemic. In spite of the very tough environmental demands, combustion engines will probably remain the main propulsion system in transport for the next 20 to 50 years, at least for as long as alternative solutions cannot provide the flexibility expected by customers of the 21st century. But it needs to adapt to the new times, and so research in combustion engines is nowadays mostly focused on the new challenges posed by hybridization and downsizing. The topics presented in the papers of the conference include traditional ones, such as Injection & Sprays, Combustion, but also Alternative Fuels, as well as papers dedicated specifically to CO2 Reduction and Emissions Abatement.Papers stem from the Academic Research sector as well as from the IndustryXandra Marcelle, M.; Payri Marín, R.; Serrano Cruz, JR. (2022). THIESEL 2022. Conference on Thermo-and Fluid Dynamics of Clean Propulsion Powerplants. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thiesel.2022.632801EDITORIA