Role and dynamics of \u27Late-comers\u27 in the global technology competition

Faster developing cycles and economic developments created many emerging economies in the 20th century. For sustainable economic growth, however, the construction and constant preservation of a profound knowledge base and technological pool is crucial. Brazil, China, India and Russia, experienced constant high economic growth rates and begun to evolve to solid economies which are challenging the established players. This book consists of a profound empirical analysis of these emerging economies

The Chinese innovation system for wind energy: structure, functions and performance

Energy technology innovation is critical to transitioning to a sustainable energy system. The energy R&D expenditure worldwide has increased recently to combat the challenges of climate change, energy security and energy affordability. Emerging economies play an increasingly important role in energy technology innovation. As the largest energy producer and consumer, China’s energy technology innovation has an influential impact on the global energy system. China has emerged as the largest investor and user of renewable energy technology. The country accounts for 33% of the global wind power capacity, far ahead of the USA (17%) and Germany (11%). Among the world’s ten largest wind turbine producers, half of them are Chinese enterprises. China’s rapid development of wind technology attracted wide interest. The two key questions are a) how does China compare with leading countries in wind technology innovation, and b) what factors have been responsible for China’s successes and failures. This thesis draws upon innovation systems theory and innovation metrics to answer these two questions. It is found that China has caught up fast in inputs and certain outputs but significantly lags the leading countries in other aspects especially outcomes. The relative weakness in invention capability represents China’s most obvious bottlenecks. It demonstrates that the country’s system performance is highly related to the fulfilment of the system functions which are affected by the presence and capability of the structural elements. The thesis is offered as a comprehensive study on China’s wind energy innovation system. It presents useful lessons on facilitating the generation, adoption and diffusion of renewable energy technology as well as the challenges that need to be addressed to smooth the energy transition globally. The research makes methodological, empirical and theoretical contributions to the innovation systems literature.Open Acces

China's absorptive State: research, innovation and the prospects for China-UK collaboration

China's innovation system is advancing so rapidly in multiple directions that the UK needs to develop a more ambitious and tailored strategy, able to maximise opportunities and minimise risks across the diversity of its innovation links to China. For the UK, the choice is not whether to engage more deeply with the Chinese system, but how. This report analyses the policies, prospects and dilemmas for Chinese research and innovation over the next decade. It is designed to inform a more strategic approach to supporting China-UK collaboration

DESCRIPTIVE LITERATURE REVIEW TO CLASSIFY AND ANALYZE GROWTH OF CHINESE FIRMS FROM 1990’s UNTIL 2018

This paper presents an understanding of the economic situation of the Chinese firms and their growth model, using a descriptive research model with an extensive literature review of factors argued to be generating growth and persistent high-growth in China. The selection of reviewed and embedded papers included several quantitative, as well as qualitative papers for analysis from the 1990s until 2018. Thus, the descriptive literature review was used as the methodology by which researchers present the history of the firm’s development and discuss the work of others using scientific arguments and comments. The examination has revealed that numerous factors discussed in this paper affect growth. However, there is no specific structural characteristics or performance of promising persistent-high-growth. Finally, there is a paucity of existing literature focusing on sustainable high-growth dynamics. Studies do not delve into details on this subject; accordingly, it is suggested that the lack of review articles has been hindering the progress of this area, thus, more investigations are requested from future researchers with attention to the use of a plurality of methods

National innovation systems, developing countries, and the role of intermediaries: a critical review of the literature

Developed over the past three decades, the national innovation system concept (NIS) has been widely used by both scholars and policy makers to explain how interactions between a set of distinct, nationally bounded institutions supports and facilitates technological change and the emergence and diffusion of new innovations. This concept provides a framework by which developing countries can adopt for purposes of catching up. Initially conceived on structures and interactions identified in economically advanced countries, the application of the NIS concept to developing countries has been gradual and has coincided – in the NIS literature – with a move away from overly macro-interpretations to an emphasis on micro-level interactions and processes, with much of this work questioning the nation state as the most appropriate level of analysis, as well as the emergence of certain intermediary actors thought to facilitate knowledge exchange between actors and institutions. This paper reviews the NIS literature chronologically, showing how this shift in emphasis has diminished somewhat the importance of both institutions, particularly governments, and the process of institutional capacity building. In doing so, the paper suggests that more recent literature on intermediaries such as industry associations may offer valuable insights to how institutional capacity building occurs and how it might be directed, particularly in the context of developing countries where governance capacities are often lacking, contributing to less effective innovation systems, stagnant economies, and unequal development

Patterns of Catch-up in Technologies and Markets

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 경제학부(경제학전공), 2014. 2. 이근.Abstract This study focuses on two questions: how are latecomer firms in developing countries with low quality products and no brand recognition able to catch up with industry forerunners in developed countries with advantages in every aspect and do those firms follow any particular pattern achieving their success? Several previous studies have explored the process by which particular companies were able to catch up with industry forerunners, but thus far have provided only fragmentary explanations. As such we have divided our primary research question of what process latecomers follow in catching up with industry forerunners into the following four research questions. 1) Are latecomers able to catch up with forerunners in the market without technological capabilities? 2) Do latecomers utilize technologies that are similar to or distinct from those employed by forerunners? 3) Is it necessary for latecomers to invest in cutting-edge or more recent technologies in order to catch-up? 4) Do science-based technologies increase over time during the catch-up process? In seeking answers to the aforementioned research questions, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the catch-up phenomenon from the technological perspective primarily by using patent data, which has become more widely available in recent times, and reviewing existing catch-up theories. We reviewed several cases, in which latecomers in developing countries did catch-up with the leaders in developed countries in different sectors, in order to examine whether a set of patterns exits that are generally followed by latecomers in the catch-up process. In particular, we selected the case of Huawei and Ericsson in the telecommunications equipment sector, Samsung Electronics and Sony in the electronics sector, Hyundai Motors and Mitsubishi Motors in the automobile manufacturing sector, and POSCO and Nippon Steel Corporation in the steel production sector. Huawei, Samsung, Hyundai Motors and POSCO are all large companies from developing countries that successfully caught up with forerunners in their respective sectors. An in-depth analysis of each pair of companies was conducted using patent data and other technological indices to find the similarities and differences in the technological catch-up process followed by each latecomer. A review of the existing literature and examination of outcomes revealed possible common patterns in the technological catch-up processes followed in the different sectors studied. First, latecomers technological catch-up tends to precede a catch-up in the market. This reflects the fact that accumulated technological capabilities are the foundation of the catch-up process and a necessary condition for sustainablerather than temporarydominance over a longer period of time. Second, latecomers tend to catch-up by using technologies that differ from those employed by incumbents. This was determined, considering the level of technological dependence between two firms, self-citation ratio and the number of received citations of patents. Third, whether a latecomer can succeed in catching up with the forerunner by relying on more recent technologies depends on the technological nature of the sector, especially the typical length of the sectors technology cycle. This reflects the fact that during the catching-up process, latecomers depend on more recent technologies in the sector with short technological cycle and frequent generation change, while latecomers in the sector with less frequent technological generation change gradually tend to improve the existing technologies in a different way from forerunners rather than investing in up-to-date technologies, which can be verified by the measure of backward citation lag. Fourth, whether a latecomers patent has a higher proportion of science-based citations tends to depend on the nature of the sectors knowledge base. Whereas the knowledge base of the IT sector depends on radical innovation and explicit knowledge, the knowledge base of the automobile manufacturing sector depends on gradual innovation based on experience and experimentation as well as tacit knowledge. This study conducted an in-depth analysis and examination of the aforementioned specific research questions through patent data analysis and drew the following conclusions with regard to the catch-up process: A accumulated technological capacity is the base for the catch-up of latecomer firms with the forerunners, the latecomer catch-up with incumbents based on different technologies from the incumbents, latecomers in sectors with a short technological cycle try to catch up with the leaders by depending up-to-date technologies, and the share of basic science in their patents of latecomers tends to gradually increase in sectors with little tacit knowledge. Lastly, this paper can provide directions for firms as to what conditions are needed for to be able to catch up with forerunners by making explicit the existence of several possible patterns of catch-up within the sector from the technological perspective through the patent analysis data. In addition, this study provides practical and useful implications for both incumbents and latecomers in establishing their technological strategies in general and their patent strategies in particular. Key words: Patterns of catch-up, Technological catch-up, Catch-up in the market, Patents, Level of technological dependence, Self-citation ratio, The number of received citations, Backward citation lag, Science-base, Knowledge base, SectorChapter 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………1 Chapter 2. Literature and Motivation…………………………………………………………5 1. Previous Literature……………………………………………………………………………….5 2. Research Questions and Distinctives of the Current Study………………..8 Chapter 3. Methodology ……………………………………………………………………..…19 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………..…19 2. Patent Data Analysis and Previous Literature …………………………….…....22 1) Making Sense of Comparison ………………………………………....……22 2) Catch-up in terms of the quantity of patents …………………....…25 3) Catch-up in terms of the quality of patents …………..………….…25 4) Technology cycle (Backward citation lag) …………………….…....…26 5) Level of technological dependence……………………………………….27 6) Self-citation ratio…………………………………………………………………….27 7) Citation to non-patent literature as science-base ……………..…27 Chapter 4. Analysis of Patent Data for Target Firms ………………………………28 1. Huaweis Catch-up with Ericsson…………………………………………………….…29 1) Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..29 2) Previous literature …………………………………………………………………..31 3) Huaweis Catch-up with Ericsson in the telecommunications equipment industry ……………………………………………………………...…32 3)-1 A brief introduction to Huawei and Ericsson ……………...…32 3)-2 Huaweis Catch-up in the telecommunications market….35 3)-3 Patent data analysis of Huawei and Ericsson ……………..….43 3.1 Making sense of Comparison ………………………………..……43 3.2 Catch-up in terms of the quantity of patents ……………46 3.3 Catch-up in terms of the quality of patents ……………...48 3.4 Forward and Backward citation lag ……………………………51 3.5 Level of technological dependence…………………………….52 3.6 Self-citation ratio …………………………………………………………53 3.7 Citation Citation of non-patent literature as science- base………………………………………………………………………………54 2. Hyundai Motors Catch-up with Mitsubishi ……………………………………56 1) Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...56 2) Literature Review……………………………………………………………….…..58 3) Hyundai Motors catch-up with Mitsubishi Motor in the Automobile industry ………………………………………………………………60 3)-1 A brief introduction to Hyundai Motors and Mitsubishi Motors …………………………………………………………………………………60 3)-2 Hyundai Motors Catch-up in the Market…………………………62 3)-3 Patent data analysis of Hyundai and Mitsubishi ……………..63 3.1 Catch-up in terms of the quantity of patents ……………...64 3.2 Catch-up in terms of the quality of patents ………………..66 3.3 Backward citation lag….…………………………………………………68 3.4 Level of technological dependence……………………………...76 3.5 Self-citation ratio…………………………………………………………..77 3.6 Citation to non-patent literature as science-base ………78 3. Samsung Electronics Catch-up with Sony ………………………………….85 1) Introduction …………………………………………………………………………..85 2) Previous literature …………………………………………………………………87 3) Samsungs catch-up with Sony in the electronics industry. ...89 3)-1 A brief introduction of Samsung and Sony…………………..89 3)-2 Samsungs catch-up in the market ……………………………….93 3)-3 Patent data analysis of Samsung and Sony (By sub-section of IPC analysis).. …………………………………94 3.1 Catch-Up in terms of the quality of patent….…………94 3.2 Technology of cycle (Backward citation lag) ……...…101 3.3 Citation to non-patent literature as science-base…108 4. POSCOs catch-up with Nippon Steel Corporation………………….…115 1) A brief introduction to POSCO and Nippon Steel Corporation……………………………………………………………………………115 2) POSCOs catch-up with Nippon Steel corporation in the market……………………………………………………………………………………118 3) Patent data and technological index analysis of POSCO and Nippon Steel corporation……………………………………………..120 4) The quality of patents of POSCO and Nippon Steel corporation…………………………………………………………………………. 128 5) The reason for the lack of patents in the technological catch-up of POSCO………………………………………………………………129 Chapter 5. Answers to the research questions and possible patterns of technological catch-up process from the four cases …………..132 Chapter 6. Summary and Strategic Implications ……………………………………160Docto

Technological capability building through networking strategies within high-tech industries

technological, networking, strategies, high-tech industries