Implementation of FPGA in the Design of Embedded Systems

The use of FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Arrays) and configurable processors is an interesting new phenomenon in embedded development. FPGAs offer all of the features needed to implement most complex designs. Clock management is facilitated by on-chip PLL (phase-locked loop) or DLL (delay-locked loop) circuitry. Dedicated memory blocks can be configured as basic single-port RAMs, ROMs, FIFOs, or CAMs. Data processing, as embodied in the devices’ logic fabric, varies widely. The ability to link the FPGA with backplanes, high-speed buses, and memories is afforded by support for various single ended and differential I/O standards. Also found on today’s FPGAs are system-building resources such as high speed serial I/Os, arithmetic modules, embedded processors, and large amounts of memory. Here in our project we have tried to implement such powerful FPGAs in the design of possible embedded systems that can be designed, burned and deployed at the site of operation for handling of many kinds of applications. In our project we have basically dealt with two of such applications –one the prioritized traffic light controller and other a speech encrypting and decrypting system

Seeking Privacy in Wireless Communications: Balancing the Right of Individual Privacy with the Need for Effective Law Enforcement

This Note concerns the problem of privacy in wireless communications. Since wireless communications use the airwaves, the communications are susceptible to interception. This Note will discuss possible solutions to this privacy problem including two solutions proposed by the Clinton Administration: 1) The Clipper Chip, an inexpensive encryption device, which will allow law enforcement to tap into communications, and 2) proposed legislation that bans technology that the government cannot decode

Optical encryption interface

An analog optical encryption system based on phase scrambling of two-dimensional optical images and holographic transformation for achieving large encryption keys and high encryption speed. An enciphering interface uses a spatial light modulator for converting a digital data stream into a two dimensional optical image. The optical image is further transformed into a hologram with a random phase distribution. The hologram is converted into digital form for transmission over a shared information channel. A respective deciphering interface at a receiver reverses the encrypting process by using a phase conjugate reconstruction of the phase scrambled hologram

Personal Data Security: Divergent Standards in the European Union and the United States

This Note argues that the U.S. Government should discontinue all attempts to establish EES as the de facto encryption standard in the United States because the economic disadvantages associated with widespread implementation of EES outweigh the advantages this advanced data security system provides. Part I discusses the EU\u27s legislative efforts to ensure personal data security and analyzes the evolution of encryption technology in the United States. Part II examines the methods employed by the U.S. Government to establish EES as the de facto U.S. encryption standard. Part III argues that the U.S. Government should terminate its effort to establish EES as the de facto U.S. encryption standard and institute an alternative standard that ensures continued U.S. participation in the international marketplace

Efficient cloud-based cellular planning algorithms for 3G and 4G networks

In mobile network deployments of growing size, the optimum and fast planning of radio resources are a key task. Cloud services enable efficient and scalable implementation of procedures and algorithms. In this dissertation, a cloud-based planning system for 3G and 4G networks is presented, using Amazon Web Services (AWS) for cloud implementation. It extracts configuration and performance data from the network, enabling to accurately estimate cells coverage, identify neighbouring cells and optimally plan Scrambling Codes (SC) in an UMTS network and Physical Cell Identity (PCI) in LTE networks. This system is integrated in a Software-as-a-Service monitoring and planning tool Metric, owned by Multivision, allowing for an easy and efficient allocation of the network resources. The system operation is demonstrated in a small canonical scenario for SCs, a small realistic scenario of PCIs cluster planning, taking less than 0,6 seconds to perform the planning. For a realistic 3G scenario with 12 484 unplanned cells, the planning of SCs is efficiently achieved, taking less than 8 seconds, and guaranteeing no collisions between first order neighbouring cells.Nas implementações de redes móveis grande escala, o planeamento otimizado e rápido dos recursos de rádio é uma tarefa fundamental. Os serviços em cloud permitem a implementação eficiente e escalável de padrões e algoritmos. Nesta dissertação, é apresentado um sistema de planeamento baseado em cloud para redes 3G e 4G, fazendo recurso à Amazon Web Services (AWS) para implementação em cloud. Este sistema extrai dados de configuração e desempenho da rede, o que permite estimar com precisão a cobertura das células, identificar células vizinhas e planear de forma eficiente os Scrambling Codes (SC) em redes UMTS e Physical Cell Identity (PCI) em redes LTE. Este sistema está integrado no Metric, uma ferramenta de planeamento e monitorização de Software-as-a-Service, propriedade da Multivision, permitindo uma alocação fácil e eficiente dos recursos da rede. A operação do sistema é demonstrada num pequeno cenário canónico para SCs, um pequeno cenário realista de um cluster de células pertencentes a uma rede LTE, onde se pretende planear os seus PCIs. O algoritmo executa um planeamento ótimo deste cluster em menos de 0,6 segundos. Para um cenário 3G realista com 12 484 células não planeadas, a alocação dos SCs é realizada com eficiência, levando menos de 8 segundos e garantindo que não existem colisões entre as células vizinhas de primeira ordem

Cooperating broadcast and cellular conditional access system for digital television

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University.The lack of interoperability between Pay‐TV service providers and a horizontally integrated business transaction model have compromised the competition in the Pay‐TV market. In addition, the lack of interactivity with customers has resulted in high churn rate and improper security measures have contributed into considerable business loss. These issues are the main cause of high operational costs and subscription fees in the Pay‐TV systems. This paper presents a novel end‐to‐end system architecture for Pay‐TV systems cooperating mobile and broadcasting technologies. It provides a cost‐effective, scalable, dynamic and secure access control mechanism supporting converged services and new business opportunities in Pay‐TV systems. It enhances interactivity, security and potentially reduces customer attrition and operational cost. In this platform, service providers can effectively interact with their customers, personalise their services and adopt appropriate security measures. It breaks up the rigid relationship between a viewer and set‐top box as imposed by traditional conditional access systems, thus, a viewer can fully enjoy his entitlements via an arbitrary set‐top box. Having thoroughly considered state‐of‐the‐art technologies currently being used across the world, the thesis highlights novel use cases and presents the full design and implementation aspects of the system. The design section is enriched by providing possible security structures supported thereby. A business collaboration structure is proposed, followed by a reference model for implementing the system. Finally, the security architectures are analysed to propose the best architecture on the basis of security, complexity and set‐top box production cost criteria

Security-centric analysis and performance investigation of IEEE 802.16 WiMAX

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Methods of covert communication of speech signals based on a bio-inspired principle

This work presents two speech hiding methods based on a bio-inspired concept known as the ability of adaptation of speech signals. A cryptographic model uses the adaptation to transform a secret message to a non-sensitive target speech signal, and then, the scrambled speech signal is an intelligible signal. The residual intelligibility is extremely low and it is appropriate to transmit secure speech signals. On the other hand, in a steganographic model, the adapted speech signal is hidden into a host signal by using indirect substitution or direct substitution. In the first case, the scheme is known as Efficient Wavelet Masking (EWM), and in the second case, it is known as improved-EWM (iEWM). While EWM demonstrated to be highly statistical transparent, the second one, iEWM, demonstrated to be highly robust against signal manipulations. Finally, with the purpose to transmit secure speech signals in real-time operation, a hardware-based scheme is proposedEsta tesis presenta dos métodos de comunicación encubierta de señales de voz utilizando un concepto bio-inspirado, conocido como la “habilidad de adaptación de señales de voz”. El modelo de criptografía utiliza la adaptación para transformar un mensaje secreto a una señal de voz no confidencial, obteniendo una señal de voz encriptada legible. Este método es apropiado para transmitir señales de voz seguras porque en la señal encriptada no quedan rastros del mensaje secreto original. En el caso de esteganografía, la señal de voz adaptada se oculta en una señal de voz huésped, utilizando sustitución directa o indirecta. En el primer caso el esquema se denomina EWM y en el segundo caso iEWM. EWM demostró ser altamente transparente, mientras que iEWM demostró ser altamente robusto contra manipulaciones de señal. Finalmente, con el propósito de transmitir señales de voz seguras en tiempo real, se propone un esquema para dispositivos hardware

Revisiting Lightweight Encryption for IoT Applications: Error Performance and Throughput in Wireless Fading Channels with and without Coding

© 2013 IEEE. Employing heavy conventional encryption algorithms in communications suffers from added overhead and processing time delay; and in wireless communications, in particular, suffers from severe performance deterioration (avalanche effect) due to fading. Consequently, a tremendous reduction in data throughput and increase in complexity and time delay may occur especially when information traverse resource-limited devices as in Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications. To overcome these drawbacks, efficient lightweight encryption algorithms have been recently proposed in literature. One of those, that is of particular interest, requires using conventional encryption only for the first block of data in a given frame being transmitted. All the information in the remaining blocks is transmitted securely without the need for using heavy conventional encryption. Unlike the conventional encryption algorithms, this particular algorithm achieves lower overhead/complexity and higher data throughput. Assuming the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, the performance of the lightweight encryption algorithm under study had been evaluated in literature in terms of throughput under the assumption that the first block, that undergoes conventional encryption, is free of error, which is practically unfeasible. In this paper, we consider the AWGN channel with Rayleigh fading and assume that the signal experiences a certain channel bit error probability and investigate the performance of the lightweight encryption algorithm under study in terms of bit error probability and throughput. We derive analytical expressions for these performance metrics considering modulated signals with and without coding. In addition, we propose an extension to the lightweight encryption algorithm under study by further enhancing its security level without significantly affecting the overhead size and processing time. Via numerical results we show the superiority of the lightweight encryption algorithm under study over the conventional encryption algorithms (like the AES) and the lightweight encryption algorithms proposed in literature in terms of error and throughput performance