A Machine-Independent Debugger--Revisited

Most debuggers are notoriously machine-dependent, but some recent research prototypes achieve varying degrees of machine-independence with novel designs. Cdb, a simple source-level debugger for C, is completely independent of its target architecture. This independence is achieved by embedding symbol tables and debugging code in the target program, which costs both time and space. This paper describes a revised design and implementation of cdb that reduces the space cost by nearly one-half and the time cost by 13% by storing symbol tables in external files. A symbol table is defined by a 31-line grammar in the Abstract Syntax Description Language (ASDL). ASDL is a domain-specific language for specifying tree data structures. The ASDL tools accept an ASDL grammar and generate code to construct, read, and write these data structures. Using ASDL automates implementing parts of the debugger, and the grammar documents the symbol table concisely. Using ASDL also suggested simplifications to the interface between the debugger and the target program. Perhaps most important, ASDL emphasizes that symbol tables are data structures, not file formats. Many of the pitfalls of working with low-level file formats can be avoided by focusing instead on high-level data structures and automating the implementation details.Comment: 12 pages; 6 figures; 3 table

Non-Strict Independence-Based Program Parallelization Using Sharing and Freeness Information.

The current ubiquity of multi-core processors has brought renewed interest in program parallelization. Logic programs allow studying the parallelization of programs with complex, dynamic data structures with (declarative) pointers in a comparatively simple semantic setting. In this context, automatic parallelizers which exploit and-parallelism rely on notions of independence in order to ensure certain efficiency properties. “Non-strict” independence is a more relaxed notion than the traditional notion of “strict” independence which still ensures the relevant efficiency properties and can allow considerable more parallelism. Non-strict independence cannot be determined solely at run-time (“a priori”) and thus global analysis is a requirement. However, extracting non-strict independence information from available analyses and domains is non-trivial. This paper provides on one hand an extended presentation of our classic techniques for compile-time detection of non-strict independence based on extracting information from (abstract interpretation-based) analyses using the now well understood and popular Sharing + Freeness domain. This includes algorithms for combined compile-time/run-time detection which involve special run-time checks for this type of parallelism. In addition, we propose herein novel annotation (parallelization) algorithms, URLP and CRLP, which are specially suited to non-strict independence. We also propose new ways of using the Sharing + Freeness information to optimize how the run-time environments of goals are kept apart during parallel execution. Finally, we also describe the implementation of these techniques in our parallelizing compiler and recall some early performance results. We provide as well an extended description of our pictorial representation of sharing and freeness information

Discrete MDL Predicts in Total Variation

The Minimum Description Length (MDL) principle selects the model that has the shortest code for data plus model. We show that for a countable class of models, MDL predictions are close to the true distribution in a strong sense. The result is completely general. No independence, ergodicity, stationarity, identifiability, or other assumption on the model class need to be made. More formally, we show that for any countable class of models, the distributions selected by MDL (or MAP) asymptotically predict (merge with) the true measure in the class in total variation distance. Implications for non-i.i.d. domains like time-series forecasting, discriminative learning, and reinforcement learning are discussed.Comment: 15 LaTeX page

Graphical Independence Networks with the gRain Package for R

In this paper we present the R package gRain for propagation in graphical independence networks (for which Bayesian networks is a special instance). The paper includes a description of the theory behind the computations. The main part of the paper is an illustration of how to use the package. The paper also illustrates how to turn a graphical model and data into an independence networ

PENGARUH MEDIA SEMPOA WARNA TERHADAP KEMANDIRIAN BELAJAR DAN KETERAMPILAN BERHITUNG BILANGAN SISWA KELAS I PADA MATA PELAJARAN MATEMATIKA DI UPTD SDN BA’ENGAS 02

This study aims to see the effect of the abacus media on learning independence and numeracy skills of grade I students in mathematics at UPTD SDN Ba'engas 2, Labang district. The approach used in this research is a quantitative approach with a descriptive approach. The data collection method used in this study was a question test and a questionnaire. By using the one group pretest posttest design, use this questionnaire to measure learning independence and numeracy skills. The data analysis method used in this study is the validity and reliability test, data normality, and the paired sample T-test. Based on the results of the study, it showed that there was an influence of colored abacus media on Learning Independence and Numeracy Skills of first grade students in mathematics at UPTD SDN Ba'engas 2 as seen based on pretest and posttest data. It is known that based on the output that has been tested, it is obtained from the description of the data that there is an average mean at pre 61.17 and post data 77.33. There is an influence of the abacus media on the motivation for independent learning and numeracy skills of the first graders of UPTD SDN Ba'engas 2 as seen based on the pretest and posttest data. It is known that based on the output that has been tested, the description of the data shows that there is an average mean at pre 76.67 and post data 81.6

Comparing AdS/CFT Calculations to HERA F_2 Data

We show that HERA data for the inclusive structure function F_2(x,Q^2) at small Bjorken-x and Q^2 can be reasonably well described by a color-dipole model with an AdS/CFT-inspired dipole-proton cross section. The model contains only three free parameters fitted to data. In our AdS/CFT-based parameterization the saturation scale varies in the range of 1-3 GeV becoming independent of energy/Bjorken-x at very small x. This leads to the prediction of x-independence of the F_2 and F_L structure functions at very small x. We provide predictions for F_2 and F_L in the kinematic regions of future experiments. We discuss the limitations of our approach and its applicability region, and argue that our AdS/CFT-based model of non-perturbative physics could be viewed as complimentary to the perturbative description of data based on saturation/Color Glass Condensate physics.Comment: 23 pages, 10 figures; v3: new plots added showing our model predictions for charm and longitudinal structure functions and photoproduction cross-section, discussion extended. The version to appear in PR

PENGARUH MEDIA SEMPOA WARNA TERHADAP KEMANDIRIAN BELAJAR DAN KETERAMPILAN BERHITUNG BILANGAN SISWA KELAS I PADA MATA PELAJARAN MATEMATIKA DI UPTD SDN BA’ENGAS 02

This study aims to see the effect of the abacus media on learning independence and numeracy skills of grade I students in mathematics at UPTD SDN Ba'engas 2, Labang district. The approach used in this research is a quantitative approach with a descriptive approach. The data collection method used in this study was a question test and a questionnaire. By using the one group pretest posttest design, use this questionnaire to measure learning independence and numeracy skills. The data analysis method used in this study is the validity and reliability test, data normality, and the paired sample T-test. Based on the results of the study, it showed that there was an influence of colored abacus media on Learning Independence and Numeracy Skills of first grade students in mathematics at UPTD SDN Ba'engas 2 as seen based on pretest and posttest data. It is known that based on the output that has been tested, it is obtained from the description of the data that there is an average mean at pre 61.17 and post data 77.33. There is an influence of the abacus media on the motivation for independent learning and numeracy skills of the first graders of UPTD SDN Ba'engas 2 as seen based on the pretest and posttest data. It is known that based on the output that has been tested, the description of the data shows that there is an average mean at pre 76.67 and post data 81.6

A CGC/saturation approach for angular correlations in proton-proton scattering

We generalized our model for the description of hard processes, and calculate the value of the azimuthal angle correlations ( Fourier harmonics $v_n$ ), for proton-proton scattering.The energy and multiplicity independence, as well as the value of $v_n$, turn out the be in accord with the experimental data, or slightly larger. Therefore, before making extreme assumptions on proton-proton collisions, such as the production of quark-gluon plasma in the large multiplicity events, we need to explain how these effect theBose-Einstein correlations which are so large, that have to be taken into account, and which are able to describe the angular correlations in proton-proton collisions, without including final state interactionsComment: 26 pp. 17 figures in eps file

Design and implementation of a relational data base system for a minicomputer

Journal ArticleA data base system provides the advantages of centralized control of data including increased data independence. Design specifications for a low level relational data base interface are given in the form of a formal description which separates the implementation details from the description of the functions making up the interface. The formal description may be used by both the user and implementer of the system. The minicomputer implementation of the data base system described is intended to be used directly by application programmers or as a base on which to build a higher level interface. The functions making up the system are FORTRAN callable subroutines making it convenient for minicomputer application programs to use the system. A method of utilizing the low level interface to implement a higher level interface based on the relational algebra is outlined

Flipped Classroom Learning Model Assisted by the Experimentation Method: The Impact on Problem-solving Skills and Learning Independence

The issue in the field is that students' problem-solving skills and learning independence could be better. This study aims to analyze students' problem-solving skills and learning independence of students who are influenced by the flipped classroom learning model assisted by the experimentation method. The research employed the quasi-experimentation method with a posttest-only control group design. The data collection techniques employed were a description test to measure problem-solving ability and a questionnaire to measure learning independence that had been tested for validity, reliability, differentiability, and difficulty level. The data analysis technique used was the normality test, homogeneity test, and hypothesis test using the MANOVA test. The MANOVA test has been proven effective in testing hypotheses in several studies. Based on the analysis and discussion, applying the flipped classroom learning model assisted by experimentation affected students' problem-solving ability and learning independence