Pemanfaatan Citra Digital Elevation Model (Dem) untuk Studi Evolusi Geomorfologi Gunung Api Merapi Sebelum dan Setelah Erupsi Gunung Api Merapi 2010

Gunung api Merapi adalah satu dari gunungapi teraktif di dunia. Erupsi G.Merapi sepanjang 26 Oktober hingga 4 November 2010 menyebabkan banyak korban dan Perubahan morfologi yang signifikan di sekitar tubuh gunung api. Hal ini mendorong peneliti untuk melakukan penelitian mengenai Perubahan morfologi karena erupsi. Daerah penelitian berada di lereng selatan G.Merapi, khususnya pada bagian channel dan overbank Kali Gendol. Maksud dari penelitian evolusi geomorfologi G. Merapi ini adalah mengetahui Perubahan geomorfologi yang terjadi akibat erupsi G. Merapi 2010 . sedangkan tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kondisi geologi setelah erupsi G. Merapi 2010, Perubahan pola kontur setelah erupsi G. Merapi 2010, dan Perubahan pola penyaluran setelah erupsi G. Merapi 2010. Pada penelitian ini, kami menggunakan DEM pada tanggal 6 Oktober 2010 dan 9 November 2010 untuk membandingkan dan menganalisis kondisi sebelum dan setelah erupsi. Penelitian mengombinasikan hasil pengolahan data Digital Elevation Model (DEM) multitemporal, yaitu DEM sebelum erupsi dan DEM sesudah erupsi dan data lapangan berupa data litologi dan morfologi untuk menganalisis peta geomorfologi, mendeterminasi Perubahan elevasi, peta pola penyaluran sebelum dan setelah erupsi, , dan peta kontur sebelum dan setelah erupsi. Setelah itu, dibuat analisis Perubahan jarak kontur pada tiap satuan geomorfologi, analisis fluktuasi Perubahan elevasi pada tiap satuan geomorfolgi, dan analisis Perubahan azimuth aliran sungai pada tiap satuan geomorfologi. Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan DEM dan data lapangan, daerah penelitian dapat dibagi menjadi dua satuan litologi yaitu Satuan Kubah Lava dan Satuan Piroklastik. Kemudian, daerah penelitian juga dapat dibagi menjadi 6 satuan geomorfologi pada DEM sesudah erupsi, yaitu Satuan Dataran, Satuan Perbukitan Bergelombang Lemah, Satuan Perbukitan Bergelombang Lemah-Kuat, Satuan Perbukitan Bergelombang Kuat, Satuan Perbukitan Berlereng Curam, dan Satuan Pegunungan Berlereng Sangat Curam. Dari hasil analisis pola kontur dan pola aliran sungai didapat bahwa arah displacement sesuai kontur menurun pada model tidak sepenuhnya sama dengan arah displacement material erupsi G. Merapi. Hal ini dikarenakan massa jenis yang tidak rata akibat transportasi material tersebut, faktor morfologi asal, dan rekayasa manusia (rumah-rumah penduduk yang menjadi barrier aliran piroklastik)

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based spatially distributed model for runoff routing

A method is proposed for routing spatially distributed excess precipitation over a watershed to produce runoff at its outlet. The land surface is represented by a (raster) digital elevation model from which the stream network is derived. A routing response function is defined for each digital elevation model cell so that water movement from cell to cell can be convolved to give a response function along a flow path and responses from all cells can be summed to give the outlet hydrograph. An example application of analysis of runoff on Waller Creek in Austin, Texas, is presented.Waller Creek Working Grou

Comparing Methods for Interpolation to Improve Raster Digital Elevation Models

Digital elevation models (DEMs) are available as raster files at 100m, 30m, and 10m resolutions for the contiguous United States and are used in a variety of geographic analyses. Some projects may require a finer resolution. GIS software offers many options for interpolating data to higher resolutions. We compared ten interpolation methods using 10m sample data from the Ouachita Mountains in central Arkansas. We interpolated the 10m DEM to 5m, 2.5m, and 1m resolutions and compared the absolute mean difference (AMD) for each using surveyed control points. Overall, there was little difference in the accuracy between interpolation methods at the resolutions tested and minimal departure from the original 10m raster

Spectral filtering as a method of visualising and removing striped artefacts in digital elevation data

Spectral filtering was compared with traditional mean spatial filters to assess their ability to identify and remove striped artefacts in digital elevation data. The techniques were applied to two datasets: a 100 m contour derived digital elevation model (DEM) of southern Norway and a 2 m LiDAR DSM of the Lake District, UK. Both datasets contained diagonal data artefacts that were found to propagate into subsequent terrain analysis. Spectral filtering used fast Fourier transformation (FFT) frequency data to identify these data artefacts in both datasets. These were removed from the data by applying a cut filter, prior to the inverse transform. Spectral filtering showed considerable advantages over mean spatial filters, when both the absolute and spatial distribution of elevation changes made were examined. Elevation changes from the spectral filtering were restricted to frequencies removed by the cut filter, were small in magnitude and consequently avoided any global smoothing. Spectral filtering was found to avoid the smoothing of kernel based data editing, and provided a more informative measure of data artefacts present in the FFT frequency domain. Artefacts were found to be heterogeneous through the surfaces, a result of their strong correlations with spatially autocorrelated variables: landcover and landsurface geometry. Spectral filtering performed better on the 100 m DEM, where signal and artefact were clearly distinguishable in the frequency data. Spectrally filtered digital elevation datasets were found to provide a superior and more precise representation of the landsurface and be a more appropriate dataset for any subsequent geomorphological applications

Mapping Terrestrial Impact Craters with the TanDEM-X Digital Elevation Model

The TanDEM-X mission generates a global digital elevation model (DEM) with unprecedented properties. We use it for mapping confirmed terrestrial impact craters as listed in the Earth Impact Database. Both for simple and complex craters detailed investigations of the morphology of the particular structure and of the surrounding terrain can be performed

W42 - a scalable spatial database system for holding Digital Elevation Models

The design of a scalable system for holding spatial data in general and digital elevation models (DEMs) in specific has to account for the characteristics of data from various application fields. The data can be heterogeneous in coverage, as well as in resolution, information content and quality. A database aiming at the representation of world-wide DEMs has to consider these differences in the design of the system with respect to the structure and the algorithms. The database system W42, which is presented in the work at hand, is a scalable spatial database system capable of holding, extracting, mosaicking, and fusing spatial data represented in raster- as well as in vector-format. Design aspects for this task can be specified as holding spatial data in unique data structures and providing unique access functions to the data. These are subject of this work as well as first experiences gained from the implementation of part of the extensions made for the TanDEM-X mission

Creating HiRISE digital elevation models for Mars using the open-source Ames Stereo Pipeline

The present availability of sub-decametre digital elevation models on Mars – crucial for the study of surface processes – is scarce. In contrast to low-resolution global datasets, such models enable the study of landforms 3000 stereo pairs at 0.25 m pixel−1 resolution, enabling the creation of high-resolution digital elevation models (1–2 m pixel−1). Hitherto, only ∼500 of these pairs have been processed and made publicly available. Existing pipelines for the production of digital elevation models from stereo pairs, however, are built upon commercial software, rely upon sparsely available intermediate data, or are reliant on proprietary algorithms. In this paper, we present and test the output of a new pipeline for producing digital elevation models from HiRISE stereo pairs that is built entirely upon the open-source NASA Ames Stereo Pipeline photogrammetric software, making use of freely available data for cartographic rectification. This pipeline is designed for simple application by researchers interested in the use of high-resolution digital elevation models. Implemented here on a research computing cluster, this pipeline can also be used on consumer-grade UNIX computers. We produce and evaluate four digital elevation models using the pipeline presented here. Each are globally well registered, with accuracy similar to those of digital elevation models produced elsewhere

Digital Elevation Models in Geomorphology

This chapter presents place of geomorphometry in contemporary geomorphology. The focus is on discussing digital elevation models (DEMs) that are the primary data source for the analysis. One has described the genesis and definition, main types, data sources and available free global DEMs. Then we focus on landform parameters, starting with primary morphometric parameters, then morphometric indices and at last examples of morphometric tools available in geographic information system (GIS) packages. The last section briefly discusses the landform classification systems which have arisen in recent years