Effects of environmental enrichment on behavioral responses to novelty, learning, and memory, and the circadian rhythm in cortisol in growing pigs

Previously we showed that pigs reared in an enriched environment had higher baseline salivary cortisol concentrations during the light period than pigs reared under barren conditions. In the present experiment, it was investigated whether these higher baseline salivary cortisol concentrations were a real difference in cortisol concentration or merely represented a phase difference in circadian rhythm. The effects of different cortisol concentrations on the behavioral responses to novelty and learning and long-term memory in a maze test were also studied in enriched and barren housed pigs. At 9 weeks of age enriched and barren housed pigs did not differ in baseline salivary cortisol concentrations nor in circadian rhythm, but at 22 weeks of age barren housed pigs had a blunted circadian rhythm in salivary cortisol as compared to enriched housed pigs. The differences in baseline salivary cortisol concentrations between enriched- and barren-housed pigs are age-dependent, and become visible after 15 weeks of age. Enriched- and barren-housed piglets did not differ in time spent on exploration in the novel environment test. Barren-housed pigs had an impaired long-term memory in the maze test compared to enriched-housed pigs; however, no differences in learning abilities between enriched- and barren-housed pigs were found. Because blunted circadian cortisol rhythms are often recorded during states of chronic stress in pigs and rats or during depression in humans, it is suggested that the blunted circadian rhythm in cortisol in barren-housed pigs similarily may reflect decreased welfare.

Sexual well-being and diurnal cortisol after prostate cancer treatment.

Sexual dysfunction and psychological distress are common after prostate cancer. Research has not examined the role of neuroendocrine markers of stress (e.g. cortisol). This study examines whether sexual functioning or sexual bother is associated with diurnal cortisol. Men treated for prostate cancer completed the University of California-Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index and provided saliva samples four times daily for cortisol assessment. Higher sexual bother, but not sexual functioning, was associated with steeper cortisol slope. Better sexual functioning, and not sexual bother, was significantly associated with the cortisol awakening response. Assessment of stress and stress-reducing interventions might be warranted in sexual rehabilitation after prostate cancer

Variação diurna do cortisol e sua relação com o estresse: otimismo e estratégias de enfrentamento em mulheres com câncer de mama

O ritmo diurno do cortisol vem sendo visto alterado nos pacientes com câncer. Fatores como o avanço da doença e os níveis de estresse estão sendo considerados para explicar essa condição; contudo, os resultados não são claros. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e determinar se existem diferenças nos níveis de cortisol em mulheres com câncer de mama de diferentes estágios, bem como analisar estratégias de enfrentamento. Foram coletadas amostras de cortisol salival durante dois dias e aplicados questionários psicológicos de estresse percebido, otimismo disposicional e estratégias de enfrentamento a 17 mulheres com câncer de mama em estágio I, II e III. Os resultados mostram que as pacientes com esse câncer nos três estágios apresentam um ritmo diurno de cortisol normal e não se diferenciam significativamente na variável de otimismo. A respeito das variáveis psicológicas, só diferem na variável de otimismo. As estratégias de enfrentamento -espírito de luta e evitação cognitiva- são as variáveis que têm mais influência nos níveis de cortisol e explicam 55% da variação. Discutem-se as implicações desses resultados.El ritmo diurno del cortisol se ha visto alterado en los pacientes con cáncer. Factores como el avance de la enfermedad y los niveles de estrés se han considerado para explicar esta condición; sin embargo, los resultados no son claros. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar y determinar si existen diferencias en los niveles de cortisol en mujeres con cáncer de mama en diferentes estadios, y analizar la relación entre los niveles de cortisol y el estrés, el optimismo y las estrategias de afrontamiento. Se recolectaron muestras de cortisol salival durante dos días, y se aplicaron cuestionarios psicológicos de estrés percibido (PSS), optimismo disposicional (LOT-R) y estrategias de afrontamiento (MAC) a 17 mujeres con cáncer de mama en estadio I, II y III. Los resultados muestran que las pacientes con cáncer de mama en los tres estadios presentan un ritmo diurno de cortisol normal y no difieren significativamente en los niveles de cortisol. Respecto a las variables psicológicas, solo difieren en la variable de optimismo. Las estrategias de afrontamiento espíritu de lucha y evitación cognitiva son las variables que tienen más influencia en los niveles de cortisol, y explican un 55% de la varianza. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados.Diurnal cortisol rhythm has been altered in patients with cancer. Factors such as disease progression and stress levels are regarded as possible causes to explain this condition, however results are not clear. The aim of this study was to assess and determine whether there are differences in cortisol levels in women with breast cancer in different stages and analyze the relationship between cortisol levels and stress, optimism and coping strategies. Salivary cortisol samples were collected for two days and psychological questionnaires of perceived stress (PSS), dispositional optimism (LOT-R) and coping strategies (MAC) were administered to 17 breast cancer women in stage I, II and III of the disease. The results show that patients with breast cancer in the three stages have a normal diurnal cortisol rhythm and do not differ significantly in cortisol levels. Regarding the psychological variables, they differ only in optimism. Coping strategies such as fighting spirit and cognitive avoidance are the variables that have more influence on cortisol levels, explaining 55% of variance. The implications of these results are discussed

Influence of prenatal maternal stress, maternal plasma cortisol and cortisol in the amniotic fluid on birth outcomes and child temperament at 3 months

This prospective, longitudinal study aimed to investigate relationships between indicators of maternal prenatal stress, infant birth outcomes and early temperament. We examined the pattern of associations and postulated pathways between physiological (cortisol plasma concentrations) and self-report indices (stress, anxiety) of maternal prenatal stress, cortisol in the amniotic fluid, birth outcomes and infant temperament at 3 months. The sample consisted of 158 women undergoing amniocentesis in the 2nd trimester of pregnancy. Questionnaire measures of maternal stress and anxiety were found to be unrelated to cortisol in plasma or amniotic fluid. Maternal cortisol was related to amniotic cortisol, which in turn was associated with lower birth weight. Birth weight predicted infant fear and distress to limitation at 3 months old. We found trend-like indirect effects of amniotic fluid on infant distress to limitation and fear via birth weight. This is one of the few studies to simultaneously assess the role of maternal and amniotic fluid cortisol on birth outcomes and infant emotional development. The results suggest that foetal cortisol may be an important predictor of infant outcomes and shed light on the mechanisms through which prenatal maternal stress affects infant psychological health

Development of catecholamine and cortisol stress responses in zebrafish.

Both adrenal catecholamines and steroids are known to be involved in the stress response, immune function, blood pressure and energy homeostasis. The response to stress is characterized by the activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic-adrenomedullary system, though the correlation with activation and development is not well understood. We evaluated the stress response of both cortisol and catecholamines during development in zebrafish. Zebrafish at two different stages of development were stressed in one of two different ways and cortisol and catecholamine were measured. Cortisol was measured by enzyme immune assay and catecholamine was measured by ELISA. Our results show that stress responses are delayed until after the synthesis of both cortisol and catecholamines. These observations suggest that the development of HPA axis may be required for the acquisition of the stress response for cortisol and catecholamines

Effect of cortisol on bovine oocytes maturation and further embryonic development after in vitro fertilization

Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Zootécnica, 07 de dezembro de 2018, Universidade dos Açores.A maturação meiótica dos ovócitos e o posterior desenvolvimento embrionário após a fertilização são importantes requisitos fisiológicos para a sobrevivência das espécies. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da hormona relacionada com o stress, cortisol, na maturação nuclear e desenvolvimento embrionário de oócitos bovinos após fecundação in vitro. Esta hormona (C₂₁H₃₀O₅) é um corticosteroide da família de esteroides, produzido pela parte superior da glândula supra-renal libertada quando um organismo está sob stress. Vários estudos demonstraram que o cortisol desempenha um papel vital inibindo as quinases extracelulares reguladas por sinal, necessárias para a progressão da prófase meiótica, essenciais para o início de eventos iniciais de maturação do ovócito de maturação meiótica (retomada da meiose), ovulação e posterior desenvolvimento embrionário. No presente estudo, para avaliar o efeito do cortisol na maturação dos ovócitos bovinos e desenvolvimento embrionário, foram recolhidos um total de 1439 óculos de vacas e novilhas púberes, abatidas em matadouros e maturados in vitro durante 24 horas com diferentes concentrações de cortisol (0 (controlo); 50 μM; 150 μM; 250 μM). Posteriormente, 412 oócitos foram desnudados, corados com aceto-orceína, sendo avaliado o desenvolvimento meiótico. Os outros 1027 foram submetidos à fecundação in vitro (FIV) e cultivados durante 9 dias, sendo avaliados nos dias 2, 6 e 9, para clivagem, mórula e blastocisto, respetivamente. No controlo, 85% dos oócitos atingiram a metáfase II, diminuindo para 49, 32 e 15% para a concentração do cortisol (50, 150 e 250 μM, respetivamente). Para os embriões obtidos a partir dos oócitos submetidos à FIV, no grupo controlo, 28,3 ± 4,8% atingiram o estágio do blastocisto, enquanto que para as concentrações de cortisol esse valor diminuiu para 22,1 ± 5,4%, 15,4 ± 6,0% e 6,5 ± 2,1 % para 50, 150 e 250 μM de cortisol, respetivamente). Os resultados do presente estudo demonstraram claramente que o stress do animal e particularmente altas concentrações de cortisol prejudicam a maturação nuclear bovina, bem como o desenvolvimento embrionário posterior após a FIV.ABSTRACT: Oocyte meiotic maturation and further embryonic development after fertilization is the important physiological requirements for species survival. Herein, the aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of the stressful hormone, cortisol, on the nuclear maturation and embryo development of bovine oocytes after in vitro fertilization (IVF). This hormone (C₂₁H₃₀O₅) is a corticosteroid of the steroid family, produced by the upper part of the adrenal gland released when an organism is stressed. Therefore, several studies demonstrated that cortisol plays a vital role inhibiting the extracellular signal-regulated kinases, necessary for meiotic prophase progression, essential for onset of early events of meiotic maturation oocyte maturation (resumption of meiosis), ovulation and further embryo development. In the present study, to evaluate the effect of cortisol on bovine oocyte maturation and further embryonic development, a total of 1439 immature oocytes were collected from slaughtered cows and matured in vitro for 24 hours with different concentrations of cortisol (0 (control); 50 μM; 150 μM; 250 μM). Afterwards, 412 oocytes were denuded, dyed with aceto-orcein and evaluated for meiotic development. The other 1027 were submitted to IVF and cultured for 9 days, being evaluated on day 2, 6 and 9, for cleavage, morula and blastocyst, respectively. In the control, 85 % of oocytes reached Metaphase II, decreasing to 49, 32 and 15 % for the concentration of the cortisol (50, 150, and 250 μM, respectively). For the embryos, obtained from the oocytes submitted to IVF, in the control group, 28.3 ± 4.8% reached the stage of blastocyst, while for the concentrations of cortisol this value decreased to 22.1 ± 5.4%, 15.4 ± 6.0% and 6.5 ± 2.1% for 50, 150 and 250 μM of cortisol, respectively). Results of the present study clearly demonstrated that animal’s stress and particularly high concentrations of cortisol impair bovine nuclear maturation as well as the further embryonic development after IVF

Reactivity of Nellore steers in two feedlot housing systems and its relationship with plasmatic cortisol

To evaluate reactivity to assess the temperament of Nellore steers in two feedlot housing systems (group pen or individual pen) and its relationship with plasmatic cortisol, 36 experimental units were observed five times at 28-day intervals of weight management during a 112-day feedlot confinement. A reactivity score scale ranging from 1 to 5 was applied when an animal was in the chute system. To the calmest animal, a reactivity score of 1 was ascribed and to the most agitated, 5. Blood samples were collected for cortisol analysis. No differences were found in reactivity and feedlot system. There was a relationship noted between reactivity and feedlot time in both housing systems (Pb0.01). There was a relation between reactivity and cortisol levels for group animals (P=0.0616) and for individual ones (Pb0.01). Cortisol levels varied among housing systems (Pb0.01). Feedlot time influenced the cortisol levels (Pb0.09 individual; Pb0.01 group) and when variable time was included, these levels changed, decreasing in the group pen and increasing in individual pens. The continuous handling reduces reactivity and plasmatic cortisol, and group pen system seems to be less stressfully than individual pens

Does the interaction between cortisol and testosterone predict men's facial attractiveness?

Although some researchers have suggested that the interaction between cortisol and testosterone predicts ratings of men’s facial attractiveness, evidence for this pattern of results is equivocal. Consequently, the current study tested for a correlation between men’s facial attractiveness and the interaction between their cortisol and testosterone levels. We also tested for corresponding relationships between the interaction between cortisol and testosterone and ratings of men’s facial health and dominance (perceived traits that are correlated with facial attractiveness in men). We found no evidence that ratings of either facial attractiveness or health were correlated with the interaction between cortisol and testosterone. Some analyses suggested that the interaction between cortisol and testosterone levels may predict ratings of men’s facial dominance, however, with testosterone being more closely related to facial dominance ratings among men with higher cortisol. Our results suggest that the relationship between men’s facial attractiveness and the interaction between cortisol and testosterone is not robust

Extra-adrenal regeneration of glucocorticoids by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1:physiological regulator and pharmacological target for energy partitioning

The major glucocorticoid in man, cortisol, plays important roles in regulating fuel metabolism, energy partitioning and body fat distribution. In addition to the control of cortisol levels in blood by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, intracellular cortisol levels within target tissues can be controlled by local enzymes. 11Beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11beta-HSD1) catalyses the regeneration of active cortisol from inert cortisone, thereby amplifying cortisol levels and glucocorticoid receptor activation in adipose tissue, liver and other tissues. 11Beta-HSD1 is under complex tissue-specific regulation and there is evidence that it adjusts local cortisol concentrations independently of the plasma cortisol concentrations, e.g. in response to changes in diet. In obesity 11beta-HSD1 mRNA and activity in adipose tissue are increased. The mechanism of this up-regulation remains uncertain; polymorphisms in the HSD11B1 gene have been associated with metabolic complications of obesity, including hypertension and type 2 diabetes, but not with obesity per se. Extensive data have been obtained in mice with transgenic over-expression of 11beta-HSD1 in liver and adipocytes, targeted deletion of 11beta-HSD1, and using novel selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors; these data support the use of 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors to lower intracellular glucocorticoid levels and treat both obesity and its metabolic complications. Moreover, in human subjects the non-selective 'prototype' inhibitor carbenoxolone enhances insulin sensitivity. Results of clinical studies with novel potent selective 11beta-HSD1 inhibitors are therefore eagerly awaited. The present article focuses on the physiological role of glucocorticoids in regulating energy partitioning, and the evidence that this process is modulated by 11beta-HSD1 in human subjects