Critères d'évaluation pour les interfaces des systèmes de recherche d'information

ISBN 2-9520326-6-1La visualisation (ou restitution) des résultats d'une recherche est une étape essentielle dans tout processus de recherche d'information. En effet, les interfaces utilisateur d'information servent de lien entre les utilisateurs et les systèmes de recherche d'information, et permettent donc de donner un « sens » aux résultats pour les utilisateurs. Face à l'importance que prend la visualisation des résultats, de nombreuses interfaces (textuelles, 2D ou 3D) ont été proposées depuis une dizaine d'années. Cependant, bien que des évaluations aient été proposées, elles sont trop rares et peu interprétables (et comparables) du fait de la trop grande hétérogénéité des systèmes et de l'absence d'un cadre strict d'évaluation. Dans cet article, nous proposons donc de définir un ensemble de critères dans le but d'évaluer et de comparer ces interfaces

MESURES LAGRANGIENNES DE GOUTTES ÉVAPORANTES DANS UNE TURBULENCE HOMOGÈNE ISOTROPE PAR HOLOGRAPHIE NUMÉRIQUE

International audienceWe present an optical technique capable of measuring 3D trajectories and size evolution of a dilute flow of droplets dispersing in a high Reynolds number turbulence, from a Lagrangian point of view. The technique used is an in-line digital holographic set-up, with an original reconstruction algorithm based on an inverse-problem approach. The experiment has been performed with water and freon droplets in a locally well defined homogeneous, nearly isotropic, turbulence. This technique allows to visualise the thermal wakes behind the droplets which are tracked

Teeth of embryonic or hatchling sauropods from the Early Cretaceous (Berriasian) of Cherves-de-Cognac, France

Copyright © 2016 P.M. Barrett et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (for details please see http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The attached file is the published version of the article

The postcranial skeleton of monolophosaurus jiangi (dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Xinjiang, China, and a review of Middle Jurassic Chinese theropods

The Middle Jurassic was a critical time in the evolution of theropod dinosaurs, highlighted by the origination and radiation of the large-bodied and morphologically diverse Tetanurae. Middle Jurassic tetanurans are rare but have been described from Europe, South America and China. In particular, China has yielded a number of potential basal tetanurans, but these have received little detailed treatment in the literature. Here we redescribe the postcranial skeleton of one of the most complete Chinese Middle Jurassic theropods, Monolophosaurus. Several features confirmthe tetanuran affinities of Monolophosaurus, but the possession of ‘primitive’ traits such as a double-faceted pubic peduncle of the ilium and a hood-like supracetabular crest suggest a basal position within Tetanurae. This conflicts with most published cladistic analyses that place Monolophosaurus in a more derived position within Allosauroidea.We review the Middle Jurassic record of Chinese theropods and compare Monolophosaurus to other Middle Jurassic theropods globally. These comparisons suggest that Monolophosaurus and Chuandongocoelurus formed an endemic theropod clade limited to the Middle Jurassic of Asia. Other Middle Jurassic Chinese theropods deserve further study

Structuration sémantique des documents XML : Expérimentations et évaluation

National audienceLa norme XML permet la représentation d'un document selon un découpage logique qui ne reflète généralement pas la sémantique de son contenu. Il serait donc intéressant de compléter la structure logique des documents XML par une structure sémantique. L'objet de cet article est alors d'évaluer l'approche d'extraction de structures sémantiques pour les documents XML que nous effectuons sur un échantillon de documents issus de la collection ImageClef 2010 tout en utilisant le thésaurus MeSH (Medical Subject Headings)

Abelisauroidea (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from Africa: a review of the fossil record

The Continental African abelisauroid theropod dinosaur fossil record from the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods is becoming increasingly better understood, and offers great insight into the evolution and biogeography of this long-lived group of carnivores. Abelisauroidea is among the most familiar groups of theropod dinosaurs from Gondwana, with fossil records in South America, Australia, India and Africa, along with Europe. The objective of the present study is to review the fossil record of abelisauroids in continental Africa. Based on the literature and records from the online databases “The Paleobiology Database” and “The Theropod Database”, we review the distribution of these theropods in Africa and comment on their evolution. The African continent is a major region of importance when it comes to 26 Abelisauroidea fossil findings, including records of both major subdivisions of the clade: the Abelisauridae and Noasauridae families. The oldest Abelisauroidea fossil record found in Africa dates from the Late Jurassic, while the final records date from the end of the Cretaceous. This indicates that clade was the longest surviving lineage of the large theropods of Africa, and they filled a variety of ecological roles, including apex predators, at the end of the Cretaceous, when tyrannosaurids occupied similar niches in the northern continents

The first definitive carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria:Theropoda) from Asia and the delayed ascent of tyrannosaurids

Little is known about the evolution of large-bodied theropod dinosaurs during the Early to mid Cretaceous in Asia. Prior to this time, Asia was home to an endemic fauna of basal tetanurans, whereas terminal Cretaceous ecosystems were dominated by tyrannosaurids, but the intervening 60 million years left a sparse fossil record. Here, we redescribe the enigmatic large-bodied Chilantaisaurus maortuensis from the Turonian of Inner Mongolia, China. We refer this species to a new genus, Shaochilong, and analyze its systematic affinities. Although Shaochilong has previously been allied with several disparate theropod groups (Megalosauridae, Allosauridae, Tyrannosauroidea, Maniraptora), we find strong support for a derived carcharodontosaurid placement. As such, Shaochilong is the first unequivocal Asian member of Carcharodontosauridae, which was once thought to be restricted to Gondwana. The discovery of an Asian carcharodontosaurid indicates that this clade was cosmopolitan in the Early to mid Cretaceous and that Asian large-bodied theropod faunas were no longer endemic at this time. It may also suggest that the ascent of tyrannosaurids into the large-bodied dinosaurian predator niche was a late event that occurred towards the end of the Cretaceous,between the Turonian and the Campanian

Modèle de langue visuel pour la reconnaissance de scènes

National audienceWe describe here a method to use a graph language modeling approach for imageretrieval and image categorization. Since photographic images are 2D data, we first use im- age regions (mapped to automatically induced concepts) and then spatial relationships between these regions to build a complete image graph representation. Our method deals with different scenarios, where isolated images or groups of images are used for training or testing. The results obtained on an image categorization problem show (a) that the procedure to automatically induce concepts from an image is effective, and (b) that the use of spatial relationships, in addition to concepts, for representing an image content helps improve the classifier accuracy. This approach extends the language modeling approach to information retrieval to the problem of graph-based image retrieval and categorization, without considering image annotations.Dans cet article, nous décrivons une méthode pour utiliser un modèle de langue sur des graphes pour la recherche et la catégorisation d'images. Nous utilisons des régions d'images (associées automatiquement à des concepts visuels), ainsi que des relations spatiales entre ces régions, lors de la construction de la représentation sous forme de graphe des images. Notre méthode gère différents scénarios, selon que des images isolées ou groupées soient utilisés comme base d'apprentissage ou de tests. Les résultats obtenus sur un problème de catégorisation d'images montre (a) que la procédure automatique qui associe les concepts à une image est efficace, et (b) que l'utilisation des relations spatiales, en plus des concepts, permet d'améliorer la qualité de la classification. Cette approche présente donc une extension du modèle de langue classique en recherche d'information pour traiter le problème de recherche et de catégorisation d'images représentées par des graphes sans se préoccuper des annotations d'images

Basal abelisaurid and carcharodontosaurid theropods from the Lower Cretaceous Elrhaz Formation of Niger

We report the discovery of basal abelisaurid and carcharodontosaurid theropods from the mid Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian, ca. 112 Ma) Elrhaz Formation of the Niger Republic. The abelisaurid, Kryptops palaios gen. et sp. nov., is represented by a single individual preserving the maxilla, pelvic girdle, vertebrae and ribs. Several features, including a maxilla textured externally by impressed vascular grooves and a narrow antorbital fossa, clearly place Kryptops palaios within Abelisauridae as its oldest known member. The carcharodontosaurid, Eocarcharia dinops gen. et sp. nov., is represented by several cranial bones and isolated teeth. Phylogenetic analysis places it as a basal carcharodontosaurid, similar to Acrocanthosaurus and less derived than Carcharodontosaurus and Giganotosaurus. The discovery of these taxa suggests that large body size and many of the derived cranial features of abelisaurids and carcharodontosaurids had already evolved by the mid Cretaceous. The presence of a close relative of the North American genus Acrocanthosaurus on Africa suggests that carcharodontosaurids had already achieved a trans−Tethyan distribution by the mid Cretaceous