EL LEVANTAMIENTO, LA REPRESENTACIÓN Y EL MODELADO ESTRUCTURAL DE UN PUENTE ANTICUADO

[EN] The in opera concrete bridges characterize often the landscapes crossed by old roads and railways. In particular the arch bridges represent a product of human genius and, in some cases, of his art. In the last few years, at the SmartLab laboratory of the University of Calabria, there were developed activities in the field of surveying, monitoring and representation of structures. In the framework of these activities, Geomatics techniques for the surveying of bridges are widely used since 2014. The results of the measurements are used for documentation and representation purposes, as well as for the reconstruction of the constructive procedures. The finite element modeling of the structures has been obtained to simulate their behavior in case of earthquake. This article describes the activities relating to a bridge dated back to the 50s of the twentieth century: it is an arch bridge made of reinforced concrete. The surveying is aimed to determine the exact reconstruction of the geometry, the identification of the foundation settlement as well as the Finite Element Modeling (FEM) in order to allow structural identification and reverse engineering process. The instruments and techniques used for surveying and modeling operations, along with the deviations between models and "as built" are described.[ES] Los puentes de hormigón in opera caracterizan a menudo los paisajes atravesados por los antiguos caminos y las vías férreas. En particular, los puentes de arco, representan un producto del ingenio humano y, en algunos casos, de su arte. En los últimos años, en el laboratorio SmartLab de la Universidad de Calabria, se desarrollaron actividades en el campo de la topografia, el monitoreo y la representación de estructuras. En el marco de estas actividades, las técnicas geomáticas relativas al levantamiento de puentes se utilizan ampliamente desde 2014. Se utilizan los resultados de las mediciones con fines de documentación y de representación, así como para la reconstrucción de los procedimientos constructivos. La modelización mediante elementos finitos de la estructura se ha obtenido para simular su comportamiento en caso de terremoto. El artículo describe las actividades relativas a un puente que data de los años 50 del siglo XX: es un puente en arco de hormigón armado. El levantamiento está dirigido a la reconstrucción exacta de la geometría, la identificación de asentamiento de la cimentación y el modelado de elementos finitos que permiten la identificación de estructuras y el proceso de ingeniería inversa. Se describen las herramientas y las técnicas utilizadas durante el levantamiento con escéner làser y las operaciones de modelado, junto con las desviaciones entre los modelos y el como fue construido "as built"Artese, S.; Lerma García, JL.; Zagari, G.; Zinno, R. (2016). THE SURVEY, THE REPRESENTATION AND THE STRUCTURAL MODELING OF A DATED BRIDGE. En 8th International congress on archaeology, computer graphics, cultural heritage and innovation. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 162-168. https://doi.org/10.4995/arqueologica8.2016.3559OCS16216

Vision and advocacy of optoelectronic technology developments in the AECO sector

Purpose This research presents a literature review of laser scanning and 3D modelling devices, modes of delivery and applications within the architecture, engineering, construction and owner-operated (AECO) sector. Such devices are inextricably linked to modern digital built environment practices, particularly when used in conjunction with as-built building information modelling (BIM) development. The research also reports upon innovative technological advancements (such as machine vision) that coalesce with 3D scanning solutions. Design/methodology/approach A synthesis of literature is used to develop: a hierarchy of the modes of delivery for laser scan devices; a thematic analysis of 3D terrestrial laser scan technology applications; and a componential cross-comparative tabulation of laser scan technology and specifications. Findings Findings reveal that the costly and labour intensive attributes of laser scanning devices have stimulated the development of hybrid automated and intelligent technologies to improve performance. Such developments are set to satisfy the increasing demand for digitisation of both existing and new buildings into BIM. Future work proposed will seek to: review what coalescence of digital technologies will provide an optimal and cost effective solution to accurately reconstructing the digital built environment; conduct case studies that implement hybrid digital solutions in pragmatic facilities management scenarios to measure their performance and user satisfaction; and eliminate manual remodelling tasks (such as point cloud reconstruction) via the use of computational intelligence algorithms integral within cloud based BIM platforms. Originality/value Although laser scanning and 3D modelling have been widely covered en passant within the literature, scant research has conducted an holistic review of the technology, its applications and future developments. This review presents concise and lucid reference guidance that will intellectually challenge, and better inform, both practitioners and researchers

Application of TLS method in digitization of bridge infrastructures : a path to BrIM development

Over the past years, bridge inspection practices and condition assessments were predi-cated upon long-established manual and paper-based data collection methods which were generally unsafe, time-consuming, imprecise, and labor-intensive, influenced by the experience of the trained inspectors involved. In recent years, the ability to turn an actual civil infrastructure asset into a detailed and precise digital model using state-of-the-art emerging technologies such as laser scanners has become in demand among structural engineers and managers, especially bridge asset managers. Although advanced remote technologies such as Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) are recently established to overcome these challenges, the research on this subject is still lacking a comprehensive methodology for a reliable TLS-based bridge inspection and a well-detailed Bridge Information Model (BrIM) development. In this regard, the application of BrIM as a shared platform including a geometrical 3D CAD model connected to non-geometrical data can benefit asset managers, and significantly improve bridge management systems. Therefore, this research aims not only to provide a practical methodology for TLS-derived BrIM but also to serve a novel sliced-based approach for bridge geometric Computer-Aided Design (CAD) model extraction. This methodology was further verified and demonstrated via a case study on a cable-stayed bridge called Werrington Bridge, located in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. In this case, the process of extracting a precise 3D CAD model from TLS data using the sliced-based method and a workflow to connect non-geomet-rical information and develop a BrIM are elaborated. The findings of this research confirm the reliability of using TLS and the sliced-based method, as approaches with millimeter-level geometric accuracy, for bridge inspection subjected to precise 3D model extraction, as well as bridge asset management and BrIM development

THE SURVEY OF THE SAN FRANCESCO BRIDGE BY SANTIAGO CALATRAVA IN COSENZA, ITALY

Abstract. The paper deals with two kinds of surveying carried out by using the Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS). The object of the surveys is the new San Francesco Bridge of Santiago Calatrava in Cosenza, Italy. The classic technique has been used to obtain the 3D model of the bridge and of the surrounding environment. A second measurement has been carried out in line scanner mode, during a load test, in order to obtain the deformation of the bridge pylon during the loading phase. This methodology allows obtaining the instantaneous elastic line of the surveyed structure.</p

Human-Centered Automation for Resilience in Acquiring Construction Field Information

abstract: Resilient acquisition of timely, detailed job site information plays a pivotal role in maintaining the productivity and safety of construction projects that have busy schedules, dynamic workspaces, and unexpected events. In the field, construction information acquisition often involves three types of activities including sensor-based inspection, manual inspection, and communication. Human interventions play critical roles in these three types of field information acquisition activities. A resilient information acquisition system is needed for safer and more productive construction. The use of various automation technologies could help improve human performance by proactively providing the needed knowledge of using equipment, improve the situation awareness in multi-person collaborations, and reduce the mental workload of operators and inspectors. Unfortunately, limited studies consider human factors in automation techniques for construction field information acquisition. Fully utilization of the automation techniques requires a systematical synthesis of the interactions between human, tasks, and construction workspace to reduce the complexity of information acquisition tasks so that human can finish these tasks with reliability. Overall, such a synthesis of human factors in field data collection and analysis is paving the path towards “Human-Centered Automation” (HCA) in construction management. HCA could form a computational framework that supports resilient field data collection considering human factors and unexpected events on dynamic job sites. This dissertation presented an HCA framework for resilient construction field information acquisition and results of examining three HCA approaches that support three use cases of construction field data collection and analysis. The first HCA approach is an automated data collection planning method that can assist 3D laser scan planning of construction inspectors to achieve comprehensive and efficient data collection. The second HCA approach is a Bayesian model-based approach that automatically aggregates the common sense of people from the internet to identify job site risks from a large number of job site pictures. The third HCA approach is an automatic communication protocol optimization approach that maximizes the team situation awareness of construction workers and leads to the early detection of workflow delays and critical path changes. Data collection and simulation experiments extensively validate these three HCA approaches.Dissertation/ThesisDoctoral Dissertation Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 201

DIGITAL DOCUMENTATION, BRIDGE DECK LINEARITY DEFORMATION AND DECK THICKNESS MEASUREMENT USING TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER (TLS) AND CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY (CRP)

Bridges are one of the vital and valuable engineer structure from decades. As they play a major role in the road transportation sector. Few old bridges lacks its documents about the measurements of the structure. The study has been carried out on three different types of bridges like Truss, Beam and Cable bridges. Documenting these bridges can be utilised to reconstruct or renovate the bridge in case of any disaster or damage. 3D documentation is made from the point cloud Dataset acquired from Terrestrial Laser Scanner – TLS (Riegl VZ 400) and Close Range photogrammetry – CRP (Nikon DSLR 5300). TLS and CRP point cloud are merged together to increase the density of points. Over the duration of time the bridge gets older and due to the load on the bridge deck, linearity in the deck effects and this linearity deformation measurement is important to know the present deformation in the deck. To know exactly at which part there is more linearity deformation, deflection is calculated at sample intervals between the present linearity conditions of the deck to the idle linearity conditions of the deck. The bridge deck thickness is also measured with the point cloud dataset. A slice is cut through the deck of point cloud dataset, the difference between the top and bottom layer of the deck gives us the thickness of the deck including the road. This thickness can be used to measure when a new deck layer is constructed or during filling up of any potholes. This study is mainly focused to help the construction and maintenance authority, bridge monitoring department and researchers

Application of As-built Data in Building Retrofit Decision Making Process

AbstractWith the growing needs of improving building sustainability, an increasing number of existing buildings need renovation to meet the expectation of the stakeholders. In the pre-design phase, it is very critical to have the best decision made to satisfy both the project budget and the performance standard. For a new buildings, a whole building energy simulation analysis is very helpful for this decision making process because it can provide the stakeholders the evaluation results of all alternative solutions. However, for existing buildings, the as-built data required for the building energy modeling process is not always available, and its manual collection process is time-consuming and error prone. This paper first reviews the state-of-the-art methods of automated data collection, and then introduces the automatic as-built BIM model creation process through a case study. This study also successfully demonstrated the interoperability between the created as-built model and a typical energy simulation tool. At last, a discussion is made about the limitations and challenges of the current state of practice to enlighten the future direction

Integration of 3D Feedback Control Systems for Fabrication of Engineered Assemblies for Industrial Construction Projects

A framework and methods are presented in this thesis to support integration of 3D feedback control systems to improve dimensional conformance during fabrication of engineered assemblies such as process piping, structural steel, vessels, tanks, and associated instrumentation for industrial construction projects. Fabrication includes processes such as cutting, bending, fitting, welding, and connecting. Companies specializing in these processes are known as fabricators, fabrication shops or fab shops. Typically, fab shops do not use 3D feedback control systems in their measurement and quality control processes. Instead, most measurements are done using manual tools such as tape measures, callipers, bubble levels, straight edges, squares, and templates. Inefficiency and errors ensue, costing the industry tens of billions of dollars per year globally. Improvement is impeded by a complex fabrication industry system dependent on deeply embedded existing processes, inflexible supply chains, and siloed information environments. The goal of this thesis is to address these impediments by developing and validating a new implementation framework including several specific methods. To accomplish this goal, several research objectives must be met: 1. Determine if 3D dimensional control methods are possible for fab shops that do not have access to 3D models corresponding to shop drawings, thus serving as a step toward deploying more integrated, sophisticated and higher performing control systems. 2. Discover ways to solve incompatibility between requested information from fabrication workers and the output information delivered by state-of-the-art 3D inspection systems. 3. Conduct a credible cost-benefit analysis to understand the benefits required to justify the implementation costs, such as training, process change management, and capital expenditures for 3D data acquisition units for fab shops. 4. Investigate ways to compare quality and accuracy of dimensional control data sourced from modern point cloud processing methods, conventional surveying methods, and hand tools. Methodologies used in this research include: (1) an initial literature review to understand the knowledge gaps coupled with informal interviews of practitioners from industrial research partners, which was revisited throughout the development of the dissertation, (2) development of a conceptual framework for 3D fabrication control based on 3D imaging, (3) development and validation of algorithms to address key impediments to implementation of the framework, (4) experiments in the fab shop environment to validate elements of the framework, and (5) analysis to develop conclusions, identify weaknesses in the research, understand its contributions, and make recommendations. By developing and testing the preceding framework, it was discovered that three stages of evolution are necessary for implementation. These stages are: 1. Utilization of 3D digital templates to enable simple scan-vs-3D-model workflows for shops without access to 3D design models. 2. Development of a new language and framework for dimensional control through current ways of thinking and communication of quality control information. 3. Redefining quality control processes based on state-of-the-art tools and technologies, including automated dimensional control systems. With respect to the first stage, and to address the lack of access to 3D models, a framework for developing 3D digital template models was developed for inspecting received parts. The framework was used for developing a library of 600 3D models of piping parts. The library was leveraged to deploy a 3D quality control system that was then tested in an industrial-scale case study. The results of the case study were used to develop a discrete event simulation model. The simulation results from the model and subsequent cost-benefit analysis show that investment in integrating the scan-vs-3D-model quality control systems can have significant cost savings and provide a payback period of less than two years. With respect to the second stage and to bridge the gap between what 3D inspection systems can offer and what is expected by the fabrication workers, the concept of Termination Points was further defined and a framework for measuring and classifying them was developed. The framework was used to developed applications and tools based on the provided set of definitions. Those applications and tools were further analyzed, and the results are reported in each chapter. It is concluded that the methods developed based on the framework can have sufficient accuracy and can add significant value for fabrication quality control

Development of Bridge Information Model (BrIM) for digital twinning and management using TLS technology

In the current modern era of information and technology, the concept of Building Information Model (BIM), has made revolutionary changes in different aspects of engineering design, construction, and management of infrastructure assets, especially bridges. In the field of bridge engineering, Bridge Information Model (BrIM), as a specific form of BIM, includes digital twining of the physical asset associated with geometrical inspections and non-geometrical data, which has eliminated the use of traditional paper-based documentation and hand-written reports, enabling professionals and managers to operate more efficiently and effectively. However, concerns remain about the quality of the acquired inspection data and utilizing BrIM information for remedial decisions in a reliable Bridge Management System (BMS) which are still reliant on the knowledge and experience of the involved inspectors, or asset manager, and are susceptible to a certain degree of subjectivity. Therefore, this research study aims not only to introduce the valuable benefits of Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) as a precise, rapid, and qualitative inspection method, but also to serve a novel sliced-based approach for bridge geometric Computer-Aided Design (CAD) model extraction using TLS-based point cloud, and to contribute to BrIM development. Moreover, this study presents a comprehensive methodology for incorporating generated BrIM in a redeveloped element-based condition assessment model while integrating a Decision Support System (DSS) to propose an innovative BMS. This methodology was further implemented in a designed software plugin and validated by a real case study on the Werrington Bridge, a cable-stayed bridge in New South Wales, Australia. The finding of this research confirms the reliability of the TLS-derived 3D model in terms of quality of acquired data and accuracy of the proposed novel slice-based method, as well as BrIM implementation, and integration of the proposed BMS into the developed BrIM. Furthermore, the results of this study showed that the proposed integrated model addresses the subjective nature of decision-making by conducting a risk assessment and utilising structured decision-making tools for priority ranking of remedial actions. The findings demonstrated acceptable agreement in utilizing the proposed BMS for priority ranking of structural elements that require more attention, as well as efficient optimisation of remedial actions to preserve bridge health and safety

Improving Tolerance Control On Modular Construction Project With 3D Laser Scanning and Bim: A Case Study of Removable Floodwall Project

Quality control is essential to a successful modular construction project and should be enhanced throughout the project from design to construction and installation. The current methods for analyzing the assembly quality of a removable floodwall heavily rely on manual inspection and contact-type measurements, which are time-consuming and costly. This study presents a systematic and practical approach to improve quality control of the prefabricated modular construction projects by integrating building information modeling (BIM) with three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning technology. The study starts with a thorough literature review of current quality control methods in modular construction. Firstly, the critical quality control procedure for the modular construction structure and components should be identified. Secondly, the dimensions of the structure and components in a BIM model is considered as quality tolerance control benchmarking. Thirdly, the point cloud data is captured with 3D laser scanning, which is used to create the as-built model for the constructed structure. Fourthly, data analysis and field validation are carried out by matching the point cloud data with the as-built model and the BIM model. Finally, the study employs the data of a removable floodwall project to validate the level of technical feasibility and accuracy of the presented methods. This method improved the efficiency and accuracy of modular construction quality control. It established a preliminary foundation for using BIM and laser scanning to conduct quality control in removable floodwall installation. The results indicated that the proposed integration of BIM and 3D laser scanning has great potential to improve the quality control of a modular construction project