Процедуры и операции, используемые при определении качества программных средств

В роботі проведено аналіз особливостей процедур та операцій, які використовуються при визначенні якості програмних засобів: вимірювання, оцінювання, віддання переваги і агрегування. Аналіз проведено з використанням основних положень репрезентативної теорії вимірювань і за умов, що більшість показників якості програмних засобів є ординальними величинами.The rapid development of information technology has led to the development of methods and tools to build software of varying complexity and for different applications. Increased confidence in the software and their ability to perform more complex functions increases, in turn, is responsible for performing these functions. This increases the interest of developers and users of software to analyze their quality, to assess the level which is necessary to apply the procedure of measuring, monitoring, evaluation, comparison and preference. This allows not only to identify and predict the level of quality of software, but also to study the characteristics of software depending on various factors. Quality of software is the totality of features and characteristics of the software that would cause their ability to meet the specified needs. Most of these properties and characteristics are ordinal values displayed on the scales of the order of or ordinal scales. A common feature of all known nomenclatures software quality indicators is that they are multi-level hierarchical structure and perform quality assessment indicators going from a lower level to the upper structure. When determining the individual indicators of quality of software that are on the lower level of the hierarchy of the quality system, the procedures of measurement and evaluation. Measurement is an empirical and objective procedure which preceded the establishment of clear concepts and properties of the corresponding scale. Measurement is homomorphism reflection properties of the object. But there are a number of properties that characterize the quality of software for which the measurement is problematic (eg, utility, meet certain requirements, etc). For non-physical properties and those that can not be observed directly we use the procedure of evaluation. Evaluation is empirical and subjective. In terms of the representative theory evaluation is a subjective homomorphism. Improving of the evaluation is to reduce this subjectivity. One of the directions of this improvement is the use of verbal and numerical scales. In determining the weight coefficients for the aggregation of individual quality indicators used operation preference. In terms of the representative of the theory it is based on the endogenous choice and is subjective. Therefore, in determining the weight coefficients of some parameters are used as a measure of consistency of expert decisions. In determining the weighting coefficients estimates are used that are adequate statistical measures for ordinal variables, ie the median and more effective assessment - median Walsh. Thus, the bulk of the properties of software is an ordinal variable, then there are certain requirements for operators of collection (aggregation). In the case where all weights equal to one quality indicators, aggregation operators can use the median, T-norm and T-Connor, emulator arithmetic mean OWA. When using verbal and numerical scales using aggregation operators for numerical and verbal scales. But it is a problem of estimation convergence results aggregation.В работе проведен анализ особенностей процедур и операций, которые используются при определении качества программных средств: измерение, оценка, предпочтение и агрегирования. Анализ проведен с использованием основных положений репрезентативной теории измерений и при условии, что большинство показателей качества программных средств является ординальное величинами

Digital Image Analysis of the Proliferation Markers Ki67 and Phosphohistone H3 in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Accuracy of Grading Compared with Routine Manual Hot Spot Evaluation of the Ki67 Index

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are rare epithelial neoplasms. Grading is based on mitotic activity or the percentage of Ki67-positive cells in a hot spot. Routine methods have poor intraobserver and interobserver consistency, and objective measurements are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate digital image analysis (DIA) as an objective assessment of proliferation markers in GEP-NENs. A consecutive cohort of patients with automated DIA measurement of Ki67 (DIA Ki67) and phosphohistone H3 (DIA PHH3) on immunohistochemical slides was analyzed using Visiopharm image analysis software (Hoersholm, Denmark). The results were compared with the Ki67 index from routine pathology reports (pathology Ki67). The study included 159 patients (57% males). The median pathology Ki67 was 2.0% and DIA Ki67 was 4.1%. The interclass correlation coefficient of the DIA Ki67 compared with the pathology Ki67 showed an excellent agreement of 0.96 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.94-0.96]. The observed kappa value was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.81-0.91) when comparing grades based on the same methods. PHH3 was measured in 145 (91.2%) cases. The observed kappa value was 0.74. (95% CI: 0.65-0.83) when comparing grade based on the DIA PHH3 and the pathology Ki67. The DIA Ki67 shows excellent agreement with the pathology Ki67. The DIA PHH3 measurements were more varied and cannot replace other methods for grading GEP-NENs.publishedVersio

Enterprise information security policy assessment - an extended framework for metrics development utilising the goal-question-metric approach

Effective enterprise information security policy management requires review and assessment activities to ensure information security policies are aligned with business goals and objectives. As security policy management involves the elements of policy development process and the security policy as output, the context for security policy assessment requires goal-based metrics for these two elements. However, the current security management assessment methods only provide checklist types of assessment that are predefined by industry best practices and do not allow for developing specific goal-based metrics. Utilizing theories drawn from literature, this paper proposes the Enterprise Information Security Policy Assessment approach that expands on the Goal-Question-Metric (GQM) approach. The proposed assessment approach is then applied in a case scenario example to illustrate a practical application. It is shown that the proposed framework addresses the requirement for developing assessment metrics and allows for the concurrent undertaking of process-based and product-based assessment. Recommendations for further research activities include the conduct of empirical research to validate the propositions and the practical application of the proposed assessment approach in case studies to provide opportunities to introduce further enhancements to the approach

Internal Consistency Reliability Of Instruments Measuring Students Satisfaction As An Internal Customer (Application Of Factor Analysis)

Reliability is consistency of the instrument in measurement whatever it measures. There are different methods available for estimating internal consistency reliability base on a single administration of a given assessment. Measures of internal consistency are a popular set of assessments with Cronbach’s alpha () being the most favored. Two other measures of internal consistency, such as theta (Θ) and omega (Ω). Each of three measures and its computation is described using instrument for measuring students’ satisfaction as internal customer. Students’ satisfaction is the level of a student’s felt state resulting from comparing a product’s perceived performance (outcome) in relations to the student’s expectation. The purpose of this study to answer which of the three measures a highest one? The research was survey research using simple random sampling methods. The instrument was based on the definition above and it was tried out to 103 Post Graduate students’ State University of Jakarta (Universitas Negeri Jakarta). Because alpha () is a lower bound reliability assessment so this research the following holds < Θ < Ω for this instrument. It can be concluded that the questionnaire measuring students’ satisfaction has appropriate internal consistency reliability. Further try out is still needed to standardize the instrument. Key words: internal consistency reliability , Θ, and Ω, students’ satisfaction as an internal custome

Estimating the reliability of composite scores

In situations where multiple tests are administered (such as the GCSE subjects), scores from individual tests are frequently combined to produce a composite score. As part of the Ofqual reliability programme, this study, through a review of literature, attempts to: look at the different approaches that are employed to form composite scores from component or unit scores; investigate the implications of the use of the different approaches for the psychometric properties, particularly the reliability, of the composite scores; and identify procedures that are commonly used to estimate the reliability measure of composite scores

Assessment of Vessel Density on Non-Contrast Computed Tomography to Detect Basilar Artery Occlusion

Introduction: Basilar artery occlusion (BAO) may be clinically occult due to variable and non-specific symptomatology. We evaluated the qualitative and quantitative determination of a hyperdense basilar artery (HDBA) on non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) brain for the diagnosis of BAO.Methods: We conducted a case control study of patients with confirmed acute BAO vs a control group of suspected acute stroke patients without BAO. Two EM attending physicians, one third-year EM resident, and one medical student performed qualitative and quantitative assessments for the presence of a HDBA on axial NCCT images. Our primary outcome measures were sensitivity and specificity for BAO. Our secondary outcomes were inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of the qualitative and quantitative assessments.Results: We included 60 BAO and 65 control patients in our analysis. Qualitative assessment of the hyperdense basilar artery sign was poorly sensitive (54%–72%) and specific (55%–89%). Quantitative measurement improved the specificity of hyperdense basilar artery assessment for diagnosing BAO, with a threshold of 61.0–63.8 Hounsfield units demonstrating relatively high specificity of 85%–94%. There was moderate inter-rater agreement for the qualitative assessment of HDBA (Fleiss’ kappa statistic 0.508, 95% confidence interval: 0.435–0.581). Agreement improved for quantitative assessments, but still fell in the moderate range (Shrout-Fleiss intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.635). Intra-rater reliability for the quantitative assessments of the two attending physician reviewers demonstrated substantial consistency.Conclusion: Our results highlight the importance of carefully examining basilar artery density when interpreting the NCCT of patients with altered consciousness or other signs and symptoms concerning for an acute basilar artery occlusion. If the Hounsfield unit density of the basilar artery exceeds 61 Hounsfield units, BAO should be highly suspected

Rigorously assessing software reliability and safety

This paper summarises the state of the art in the assessment of software reliability and safety (&quot;dependability&quot;), and describes some promising developments. A sound demonstration of very high dependability is still impossible before operation of the software; but research is finding ways to make rigorous assessment increasingly feasible. While refined mathematical techniques cannot take the place of factual knowledge, they can allow the decision-maker to draw more accurate conclusions from the knowledge that is available

Requirements engineering: a review and research agenda

This paper reviews the area of requirements engineering. It outlines the key concerns to which attention should be devoted by both practitioners, who wish to "reengineer" their development processes, and academics, seeking intellectual challenges. It presents an assessment of the state-of-the-art and draws conclusions in the form of a research agenda