123 research outputs found
Investigation of wireless electrification for a reconfigurable manufacturing cell
Reconfigurable manufacturing systems (RMS) with a rearrangeable structure can quickly adjust their productivity to meet the dynamic market changes and the demand for high-variety products. Industry 4.0 technologies
have enhanced the RMS flexibility and made the automation of the reconfiguration of the manufacturing system
possible. As an Industry 4.0 technology, wireless power transfer (WPT) can further increase the flexibility of
RMS by providing safe, reliable, and maintenance-free autonomous charging. This paper examines the wireless
electrification of RMS by investigating different WPT configurations that increase flexibility and autonomy,
creating a highly flexible RMS. It also proposes a battery charging platform for further enhancement of the
flexibility of RMS. As a low-cost WPT solution, the paper tests capacitive charging systems. The proposed
charging system has about 135 W power transfer capability at a 5 cm distance and about 84% efficiency
Wireless power transmission: R&D activities within Europe
Wireless power transmission (WPT) is an emerging technology that is gaining increased visibility in recent years. Efficient WPT circuits, systems and strategies can address a large group of applications spanning from batteryless systems, battery-free sensors, passive RF identification, near-field communications, and many others. WPT is a fundamental enabling technology of the Internet of Things concept, as well as machine-to-machine communications, since it minimizes the use of batteries and eliminates wired power connections. WPT technology brings together RF and dc circuit and system designers with different backgrounds on circuit design, novel materials and applications, and regulatory issues, forming a cross disciplinary team in order to achieve an efficient transmission of power over the air interface. This paper aims to present WPT technology in an integrated way, addressing state-of-the-art and challenges, and to discuss future R&D perspectives summarizing recent activities in Europe.The work of N. Borges Carvalho and A. J. S. Soares Boaventura was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under Project CREATION EXCL/EEI-TEL/0067/2012 and Doctoral Scholarship SFRH/BD/80615/2011. The work of H. Rogier was supported by BELSPO through the IAP Phase VII BESTCOM project and the Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders (FWO-V). The work of A. Georgiadis and A. Collado was supported by the European Union (EU) under Marie Curie FP7-PEOPLE-2009-IAPP 251557 and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Project TEC 2012-39143. The work of J. A. GarcĂa and M. N. RuĂz was supported by the Spanish Ministries MICINN and MINECO under FEDER co-funded Project TEC2011-29126-C03-01 and Project CSD2008-00068. The work of J. Kracek and M. Mazanek was supported in part by the Czech Ministry of Education Youth and Sports under Project OC09075âNovel Emerging Wireless Systems
Wireless Power Transfer
Wireless power transfer techniques have been gaining researchers' and industry attention due to the increasing number of battery-powered devices, such as mobile computers, mobile phones, smart devices, intelligent sensors, mainly as a way to replace the standard cable charging, but also for powering battery-less equipment. The storage capacity of batteries is an extremely important element of how a device can be used. If we talk about battery-powered electronic equipment, the autonomy is one factor that may be essential in choosing a device or another, making the solution of remote powering very attractive. A distinction has to be made between the two forms of wireless power transmission, as seen in terms of how the transmitted energy is used at the receiving point: - Transmission of information or data, when it is essential for an amount of energy to reach the receiver to restore the transmitted information; - Transmission of electric energy in the form of electromagnetic field, when the energy transfer efficiency is essential, the power being used to energize the receiving equipment. The second form of energy transfer is the subject of this book
Compact Multi-Coil Inductive Power Transfer System with a Dynamic Receiver Position Estimation
Inductive power transfer (IPT) systems with tolerance to the lateral misalignment are
advantageous for enhancing the transmitted power, usability and security of the system. In this
thesis, a misalignment tolerant multi-coil design is proposed to supply stationary and dynamic
battery-free wireless devices. A compact architecture composed of individually switchable 3
layers of printed coils arranged with overlap for excellent surface coverage. A hybrid architecture
based on three compact AC supply modules reduces the supply circuit complexity on the sending
Seite 2 von 4side. It detects the position of the receiver coil quickly, controls the activation of the transmitting
coils and estimates the next receiver position. The proposed architecture reduces the circuit
footprint by a factor of 62% compared to common architectures.
A transmitter coil activation strategy is proposed based on the detection of the transmitting coils
voltage and communication between sending side and receiving side to detect devices to supply
nature and position and to differentiate them from other conductive objects in the sending area
to the supplying security. The experimental results prove that the proposed architecture has a
good performance for different trajectories when the device speed does not exceed 15 mm/s.
Besides, the maximum detection time for the initial device position is about 1.6 s. The maximal
time interval to check the transmitter coils is around 0.7 s.:1. INTRODUCTION
2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
3. STATE OF THE ART OF MULTI-COIL IPT SYSTEMS
4. NOVEL DESIGN OF A MULTI-COIL IPT SYSTEM
5. MULTI-COIL ACTIVATION PROCEDURE
6. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
7. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOKInduktive EnergieĂŒbertragungssysteme (IPT) mit Toleranz gegenĂŒber seitlichem Versatz sind
vorteilhaft, um die ĂŒbertragene Leistung, die Nutzbarkeit und die Sicherheit des Systems zu
verbessern. In dieser Arbeit wird ein versatztolerantes Multispulen-Design vorgeschlagen, um
stationÀre und dynamische batterielose drahtlose GerÀte zu versorgen. Die kompakte Architektur
besteht aus 3 einzeln schaltbaren Schichten gedruckter Spulen, die ĂŒberlappend angeordnet sind,
um eine hervorragende OberflÀchenabdeckung zu gewÀhrleisten. Eine hybride Architektur, die auf
drei kompakten AC-Versorgungsmodulen basiert, reduziert die KomplexitÀt der
Versorgungsschaltung auf der Senderseite. Sie erkennt die Position der EmpfÀngerspule schnell,
steuert die Aktivierung der Sendespulen und schÀtzt die nÀchste EmpfÀngerposition. Die
vorgeschlagene Architektur reduziert den Platzbedarf der Schaltung um einen Faktor von 62 % im
Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Architekturen.
Es wird eine Aktivierungsstrategie fĂŒr die Sendespulen vorgeschlagen, die auf der Erkennung der
Spannung der Sendespulen und der Kommunikation zwischen Sende- und Empfangsseite basiert,
um die Art und Position der zu versorgenden GerÀte zu erkennen und sie von anderen leitfÀhigen
Objekten im Sendebereich zu unterscheiden. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die
vorgeschlagene Architektur eine gute Leistung fĂŒr verschiedene Trajektorien hat, wenn die
Geschwindigkeit der GerĂ€te 15 mm/s nicht ĂŒberschreitet. AuĂerdem betrĂ€gt die maximale
Erkennungszeit fĂŒr die anfĂ€ngliche GerĂ€teposition etwa 1,6 s. Das maximale Zeitintervall fĂŒr die
ĂberprĂŒfung der Senderspulen betrĂ€gt etwa 0,7 s.:1. INTRODUCTION
2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
3. STATE OF THE ART OF MULTI-COIL IPT SYSTEMS
4. NOVEL DESIGN OF A MULTI-COIL IPT SYSTEM
5. MULTI-COIL ACTIVATION PROCEDURE
6. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
7. CONCLUSION AND OUTLOO
Capacitive power transfer for maritime electrical charging applications
Wireless power transfer can provide the convenience of automatic charging while the ships or maritime vehicles are docking, mooring, or in a sailing maneuver. It can address the challenges facing conventional wired charging technologies, including long charging and queuing time, wear and tear of the physical contacts, handling cables and wires, and electric shock hazards. Capacitive power transfer (CPT) is one of the wireless charging technologies that has received attention in on-road electric vehicle charging applications. By the main of electric fields, CPT offers an inexpensive and light charging solution with good misalignment performance. Thus, this study investigates the CPT system in which air and water are the separation medium for the electrical wireless charging of small ships and unmanned maritime vehicles.
Unlike on-road charging applications, air or water can be utilized as charging mediums to charge small ships and unmanned maritime vehicles. Because of the low permittivity of the air, the air-gapped capacitive coupling in the Pico Farad range requires a mega-hertz operating frequency to transfer power over a few hundred millimeters. This study examines an air-gapped CPT system to transfer about 135 W at a separation distance of 50 mm, a total efficiency of approximately 83.9%, and a 1 MHz operating efficiency. At 13.56 MHz, the study tested a shielded air-gapped CPT system that transfers about 100 W at a separation distance of 30 mm and a total efficiency of about 87%. The study also examines the underwater CPT system by submerging the couplers in water to increase the capacitive coupling. The system can transfer about 129 W at a separation distance of 300 mm, a total efficiency of aboutapproximately%, and a 1.1 MHz operating efficiency. These CPT systems can upscale to provide a few kW for small ships and unmanned maritime vehicles. But they are still facing several challenges that need further investigations
Automatic Positioning System for Inductive Wireless Charging Devices and Application to Mobile Robot
Inductive power transfer (IPT) remains one of the most common ways to achieve wireless power transfer (WPT), operating on the same electromagnetic principle as electrical transformers but with an air core. IPT has recently been implemented in wireless charging of consumer products such as smartphones and electric vehicles. However, one major challenge with using IPT remains ensuring precise alignment between the transmitting and receiving coils so that maximum power transfer can take place. In literature, much of the focus is on improving the electrical circuits or IPT coil geometries to allow a greater transmission range. Nevertheless, most IPT products today rely on precise alignment for efficient power transfer.
In this thesis, the use of sensing coils to detect and correct lateral misalignments in a typical IPT system is modeled and tested. The sensing coils exploit magnetic-field symmetry to give a nonlinear measure of misalignment direction and magnitude. To test this idea, three experiments are performed: 1) measure the voltage of experimental sensing coils for various lateral misalignment distances, 2) implement closed-loop control and measure performance for an experimental two-dimensional (2D) automatic IPT alignment mechanism, and 3) test automatic IPT alignment on a plausible mobile robot wireless charging scenario. The experimental sensing coils give a misalignment sensing resolution of 1 mm or less in two lateral directions, allowing automatic alignment control in real time with a maximum lateral positioning error of less than â2 mm. This precise alignment allows for efficient power transfer to occur. When implemented on the mobile robot platform, the automatic positioning system gives similar results, allowing the robot to position itself above a wireless charger preciselyâa task the mobile robot cannot accomplish using its navigation camera alone. The results of this experiment give confidence that similar sensing coils can be used to reduce lateral misalignments in scaled IPT systems, such as electric-vehicle wireless chargers
Study of thermochromic nature of VO2 for reconfigurable frequency selection applications
The goal of this project is to investigate the use of vanadium dioxide in reconfigurable
microwave devices such as antennas or filters. The second phase would see the creation
of a more concrete application. The ability of vanadium dioxide (VO2) to change its
structure above a certain temperature is of particular interest. Under 68°C, VO2 behaves
like a dielectric, but when it reaches and exceeds that temperature, it behaves like a metal.
With this in mind, we wanted to demonstrate the possibility of creating a
reconfigurable FSS for spatial filtering by selectively heating the VO2 sample's surface
area. A laser was used to select which area of the sample to heat: by shaping the beam,
we were able to illuminate, and thus heat, only specific areas.
This dissertation also describes the use of the time-resolved microwave conductivity
(TRMC) technique to characterise vanadium dioxide to design these FSS images
projected on the VO2 surface. We show that TRMC is a versatile technique for
determining the electromagnetic material properties and conductivity of VO2 compounds.
This was used to compare the behaviour of several VO2 samples of varying thicknesses
and fabrication technologies.James Watt Scholarshi
Recommended from our members
Design optimization of contactless power transfer systems for electric vehicles using electromagnetic resonant coupling
Contactless power transfer (CPT) systems have been gaining considerable attention and have achieved tremendous technology advancements across a wide variety of utilizations in the past decade. CPT technologies offer promising advantages and open up new avenues for development of numerous real-world applications. Of particular importance is the implementation of CPT systems on the charging of electric vehicles (EV), which are considered as a sustainable alternative that will effectively address global fossil energy scarcity and climate change issues in the future.
The overarching aim of this thesis is to investigate and improve the operation performance of CPT systems for contactless EV charging. Optimized high-performance CPT systems are expected to be the ultimate goal for EV wireless charging in the following century. In the CPT applications, some certain characteristic outputs and parameters such as overall system efficiency, RMS power transfer, air gap and resonant frequency are considered as key performance metrics to be addressed. These crucial metrics and properties have been emphasized throughout this thesis. The electromagnetic resonant coupling technique has been put forward and adopted for most designed prototypes in this thesis in order to optimize the overall performance of CPT systems. The research methodology development, model designs, implementations and results analysis of the thesis are undertaken from the perspective of both power electronics and electromagnetics towards achieving the main objectives of the research.
With focuses on overall system efficiency, real transfer power to load, air gap, frequency, magnetic coupler design, shielding materials, inner shielding distance and misalignment characteristics, a range of studies have been conducted in the thesis based on the proposed methodology, enhanced simulation models and laboratory prototypes.
A number of important contributions have been made by the thesis. The four most significant contributions are: Firstly, the originally developed methodology for the CPT research of the thesis â the research flowchart system based on the preliminary natural resonant frequency probe and anticipation method. This uniquely proposed method for this thesis has been used to effectively probe, track and narrow down the most appropriate resonant frequency range to be chosen for CPT systems to perform with, towards reaching an optimized status of electromagnetic resonant coupling in terms of CPT technology-based EV charging. Secondly, the magnetic coupler modular-based CPT designs for investigating overall system performance optimization. As a result, in the thesis, a novel small-sized CPT prototype that is based on a geometrically improved H-shaped magnetic coupler, with ferromagnetic cores, passive aluminium shielding, an SS compensation topology and electromagnetic resonant coupling, has been proposed as an optimal design solution. Thirdly, approximating a CPT system to operate in close proximity to its calculated natural resonant frequency point by tuning and controlling system operating frequency could effectively lead to an overall system performance optimization most of the time in practical applications using electromagnetic resonant coupling, whereas setting the system operating frequency exactly at its calculated natural resonant frequency to make the system maximally operate at an extreme state of magnetic resonance may only produce a partial optimization from perspective of the system parameters and outputs. Fourthly, reasonable trade-offs between performance metrics are required to be considered and evaluated in order to achieve a feasible overall CPT system optimization.
Through the detailed analysis of the results, model outcome comparisons, explanations on findings, limitation discussions and holistic system evaluations, this thesis is devoted to report and provide a series of newly proposed solutions and innovatively designed CPT systems. These solutions are supported by empirical findings, conclusions and contributions, which may encourage further pursuits of system performance optimizations for high-power high-frequency CPT charging technologies applied for future EV, despite methodological limitations, experiment restrictions and external uncertainties
Interface Circuits for Microsensor Integrated Systems
ca. 200 words; this text will present the book in all promotional forms (e.g. flyers). Please describe the book in straightforward and consumer-friendly terms. [Recent advances in sensing technologies, especially those for Microsensor Integrated Systems, have led to several new commercial applications. Among these, low voltage and low power circuit architectures have gained growing attention, being suitable for portable long battery life devices. The aim is to improve the performances of actual interface circuits and systems, both in terms of voltage mode and current mode, in order to overcome the potential problems due to technology scaling and different technology integrations. Related problems, especially those concerning parasitics, lead to a severe interface design attention, especially concerning the analog front-end and novel and smart architecture must be explored and tested, both at simulation and prototype level. Moreover, the growing demand for autonomous systems gets even harder the interface design due to the need of energy-aware cost-effective circuit interfaces integrating, where possible, energy harvesting solutions. The objective of this Special Issue is to explore the potential solutions to overcome actual limitations in sensor interface circuits and systems, especially those for low voltage and low power Microsensor Integrated Systems. The present Special Issue aims to present and highlight the advances and the latest novel and emergent results on this topic, showing best practices, implementations and applications. The Guest Editors invite to submit original research contributions dealing with sensor interfacing related to this specific topic. Additionally, application oriented and review papers are encouraged.
High-performance wireless power and data transfer interface for implantable medical devices
Dâimportants progĂšs ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s dans le dĂ©veloppement des systĂšmes biomĂ©dicaux implantables grĂące aux derniĂšres avancĂ©es de la microĂ©lectronique et des technologies sans fil. NĂ©anmoins, ces appareils restent difficiles Ă commercialier. Cette situation est due particuliĂšrement Ă un manque de stratĂ©gies de design capable supporter les fonctionnalitĂ©s exigĂ©es, aux limites de miniaturisation, ainsi quâau manque dâinterface sans fil Ă haut dĂ©bit fiable et faible puissance capable de connecter les implants et les pĂ©riphĂ©riques externes. Le nombre de sites de stimulation et/ou dâĂ©lectrodes dâenregistrement retrouvĂ©s dans les derniĂšres interfaces cerveau-ordinateur (IMC) ne cesse de croĂźtre afin dâaugmenter la prĂ©cision de contrĂŽle, et dâamĂ©liorer notre comprĂ©hension des fonctions cĂ©rĂ©brales. Ce nombre est appelĂ© Ă atteindre un millier de site Ă court terme, ce qui exige des dĂ©bits de donnĂ©es atteingnant facilement les 500 Mbps. Ceci Ă©tant dit, ces travaux visent Ă Ă©laborer de nouvelles stratĂ©gies innovantes de conception de dispositifs biomĂ©dicaux implantables afin de repousser les limites mentionnĂ©es ci-dessus. On prĂ©sente de nouvelles techniques faible puissance beaucoup plus performantes pour le transfert dâĂ©nergie et de donnĂ©es sans fil Ă haut dĂ©bit ainsi que lâanalyse et la rĂ©alisation de ces derniĂšres grĂące Ă des prototypes microĂ©lectroniques CMOS. Dans un premier temps, ces travaux exposent notre nouvelle structure multibobine inductive Ă rĂ©sonance prĂ©sentant une puissance sans fil distribuĂ©e uniformĂ©ment pour alimenter des systĂšmes miniatures dâĂ©tude du cerveaux avec des models animaux en ilbertĂ© ainsi que des dispositifs mĂ©dicaux implantbles sans fil qui se caractĂ©risent par une capacitĂ© de positionnement libre. La structure propose un lien de rĂ©sonance multibobines inductive, dont le rĂ©sonateur principal est constituĂ© dâune multitude de rĂ©sonateurs identiques disposĂ©s dans une matrice de bobines carrĂ©es. Ces derniĂšres sont connectĂ©es en parallĂšle afin de rĂ©aliser des surfaces de puissance (2D) ainsi quâune chambre dâalimentation (3D). La chambre proposĂ©e utilise deux matrices de rĂ©sonateurs de base, mises face Ă face et connectĂ©s en parallĂšle afin dâobtenir une distribution dâĂ©nergie uniforme en 3D. Chaque surface comprend neuf bobines superposĂ©es, connectĂ©es en parallĂšle et rĂ©ailsĂ©es sur une carte de circuit imprimĂ© deux couches FR4. La chambre dispose dâun mĂ©canisme naturel de localisation de puissance qui facilite sa mise en oeuvre et son fonctionnement. En procĂ©dant ainsi, nous Ă©vitons la nĂ©cessitĂ© dâune dĂ©tection active de lâemplacement de la charge et le contrĂŽle dâalimentation. Notre approche permet Ă cette surface dâalimentation unique de fournir une efficacitĂ© de transfert de puissance (PTE) de 69% et une puissance dĂ©livrĂ©e Ă la charge (PDL) de 120 mW, pour une distance de sĂ©paration de 4 cm, tandis que le prototype de chambre complet fournit un PTE uniforme de 59% et un PDL de 100 mW en 3D, partout Ă lâintĂ©rieur de la chambre avec un volume de chambre de 27 Ă 27 Ă 16 cm3. Une Ă©tape critique avant dâutiliser un dispositif implantable chez les humains consiste Ă vĂ©rifier ses fonctionnalitĂ©s sur des sujets animaux. Par consĂ©quent, la chambre dâĂ©nergie sans fil conçue sera utilisĂ©e afin de caractĂ©riser les performances dâ une interface sans fil de transmisison de donnĂ©es dans un environnement rĂ©aliste in vivo avec positionement libre. Un Ă©metteur-rĂ©cepteur full-duplex (FDT) entiĂšrement intĂ©grĂ© qui se caractĂ©rise par sa faible puissance est conçu pour rĂ©aliser une interfaces bi-directionnelles (stimulation et enregistrement) avec des dĂ©bits asymĂ©triques: des taux de tramnsmission plus Ă©levĂ©s sont nĂ©cessaires pour lâenregistrement Ă©lectrophysiologique multicanal (signaux de liaison montante) alors que les taux moins Ă©levĂ©s sont utilisĂ©s pour la stimulation (les signaux de liaison descendante). LâĂ©metteur (TX) et le rĂ©cepteur (RX) se partagent une seule antenne afin de rĂ©duire la taille de lâimplant. LâĂ©metteur utilise la radio ultra-large bande par impulsions (IR-UWB) basĂ©e sur lâapproche edge combining et le RX utilise la bande ISM (Industrielle, Scientifique et MĂ©dicale) de frĂ©quence central 2.4 GHz et la modulation on-off-keying (OOK). Une bonne isolation (> 20 dB) est obtenue entre le TX et le RX grĂące Ă 1) la mise en forme les impulsions Ă©mises dans le spectre UWB non rĂ©glementĂ©e (3.1-7 GHz), et 2) le filtrage espace-efficace (Ă©vitant lâutilisation dâun circulateur ou dâun diplexeur) du spectre du lien de communication descendant directement au niveau de lâ amplificateur Ă faible bruit (LNA). LâĂ©metteur UWB 3.1-7 GHz utilise un e modultion OOK ainsi quâune modulation par dĂ©placement de phase (BPSK) Ă seulement 10.8 pJ / bits. Le FDT proposĂ© permet dâatteindre 500 Mbps de dĂ©bit de donnĂ©es en lien montant et 100 Mbps de dĂ©bit de donnĂ©es de lien descendant. Il est entiĂšrement intĂ©grĂ© dans un procĂ©dĂ© TSMC CMOS 0.18 um standard et possĂšde une taille totale de 0.8 mm2. La consommation totale dâĂ©nergie mesurĂ©e est de 10.4 mW (5 mW pour RX et 5.4 mW pour TX au taux de 500 Mbps).In recent years, there has been major progress on implantable biomedical systems that support most of the functionalities of wireless implantable devices. Nevertheless, these devices remain mostly restricted to be commercialized, in part due to weakness of a straightforward design to support the required functionalities, limitation on miniaturization, and lack of a reliable low-power high data rate interface between implants and external devices. This research provides novel strategies on the design of implantable biomedical devices that addresses these limitations by presenting analysis and techniques for wireless power transfer and efficient data transfer. The first part of this research includes our proposed novel resonance-based multicoil inductive power link structure with uniform power distribution to wirelessly power up smart animal research systems and implanted medical devices with high power efficiency and free positioning capability. The proposed structure consists of a multicoil resonance inductive link, which primary resonator array is made of several identical resonators enclosed in a scalable array of overlapping square coils that are connected in parallel and arranged in power surface (2D) and power chamber (3D) configurations. The proposed chamber uses two arrays of primary resonators, facing each other, and connected in parallel to achieve uniform power distribution in 3D. Each surface includes 9 overlapped coils connected in parallel and implemented into two layers of FR4 printed circuit board. The chamber features a natural power localization mechanism, which simplifies its implementation and eases its operation by avoiding the need for active detection of the load location and power control mechanisms. A single power surface based on the proposed approach can provide a power transfer efficiency (PTE) of 69% and a power delivered to the load (PDL) of 120 mW, for a separation distance of 4 cm, whereas the complete chamber prototype provides a uniform PTE of 59% and a PDL of 100 mW in 3D, everywhere inside the chamber with a chamber size of 27Ă27Ă16 cm3. The second part of this research includes our proposed novel, fully-integrated, low-power fullduplex transceiver (FDT) to support bi-directional neural interfacing applications (stimulating and recording) with asymmetric data rates: higher rates are required for recording (uplink signals) than stimulation (downlink signals). The transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) share a single antenna to reduce implant size. The TX uses impulse radio ultra-wide band (IR-UWB) based on an edge combining approach, and the RX uses a novel 2.4-GHz on-off keying (OOK) receiver. Proper isolation (> 20 dB) between the TX and RX path is implemented 1) by shaping the transmitted pulses to fall within the unregulated UWB spectrum (3.1-7 GHz), and 2) by space-efficient filtering (avoiding a circulator or diplexer) of the downlink OOK spectrum in the RX low-noise amplifier (LNA). The UWB 3.1-7 GHz transmitter using OOK and binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulations at only 10.8 pJ/bit. The proposed FDT provides dual band 500 Mbps TX uplink data rate and 100 Mbps RX downlink data rate. It is fully integrated on standard TSMC 0.18 nm CMOS within a total size of 0.8 mm2. The total power consumption measured 10.4 mW (5 mW for RX and 5.4 mW for TX at the rate of 500 Mbps)
- âŠ