Secure Message Dissemination with QoS Guaranteed Routing in Internet of Vehicles

Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a variant of vehicular adhoc network (VANET) where vehicles can communicate with other vehicles, infrastructure devices, parking lots and even pedestrians.  Communication to other entities is facilitates through various services like DSRC, C2C-CC. Fake messages can be propagated by attackers for various selfish needs. Complex authentication procedures can affect the propagation of emergency messages. Thus a light weight mechanism to ensure the trust of messages without affecting the delivery deadlines for emergency messages. Addressing this problem, this work proposes a clustering based network topology for IoV where routing is optimized for message dissemination of various classes using hybrid meta-heuristics.  In addition, two stage message authentication technique combining collaborative authentication with Bayesian filtering is proposed to verify the authenticity of message. Through simulation analysis, the proposed solution is found to detect fake messages with an accuracy of 96% with 10% lower processing delay compared to existing works

An adaptive warning message scheme for emergency vehicles using vehicular ad hoc communication

Nowadays, traffic management has been a challenging task due to the growing number of vehicles. More specifically, operation management of Emergency Vehicles (EVs) such as ambulances, police force and fire fighting vehicles require extensive industrial and academic studies. The research community has been placing a great deal of emphasis for reducing the travelling time of the EV between the starting point and the destination point. In the foreseeable future, all vehicles are assumed to be fully equipped with wireless technology. This facilitates communication and coordination between vehicles and traffic lights, and shortens the time needed for EVs to reach their destinations. This paper focuses on developing an efficient broadcast algorithm, namely, Adaptive Warning Message Scheme (AWMS), using Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication, to deliver a Warning Message (WM) as quickly as possible to a target traffic light. In the AWMS, a high priority message dissemination is given to WMs, which are responsible for informing the traffic light about any approaching EVs, while a low dissemination priority is assigned to normal Information Messages (IMs), (i.e. messages that carry general information about a vehicle). In addition, the EV direction toward a traffic light is considered in our scheme when broadcasting the WM to reduce the broadcast storm problem. Time delay between two consecutive WMs is calculated based on the EV speed and traffic density. The simulation results have shown that the AWMS has the capacity and ability to disseminate WMs with minimum number of re-transmissions, collision rate and end-to-end delay

Enhanced stability of cluster-based location service mechanism for urban vehicular ad hoc networks

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are gaining tremendous research interest in developing an Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) for smart cities. The position of vehicles plays a significant role in ITS applications and services such as public emergency, vehicles tracking, resource discovery, traffic monitoring and position-based routing. The location service is used to keep up-to-date records of current positions of vehicles. A review of previous literatures, found various locationbased service mechanisms have been proposed to manage the position of vehicles. The cluster-based location service mechanisms have achieved growing attention due to their advantages such as scalability, reliability and reduced communication overhead. However, the performance of the cluster-based location service mechanism depends on the stability of the cluster, and the stability of the cluster depends on the stability of the Cluster Head (CH), Cluster Member (CM) and cluster maintenance. In the existing cluster-based location service schemes, the issue of CH instability arises due to the non-optimal cluster formation range and unreliable communication link with Road Side Unit (RSU). The non-optimal cluster formation range causes CH instability due to lack of uniqueness of Centroid Vehicle (CV), uncertainty of participating vehicles in the CH election process and unreliability of the Cluster Head Election Value (CHEV). Also, the unreliable link with RSU does not guarantee that CH is stable with respect to its CMs and RSU simultaneously. The issue of CM instability in the existing cluster-based location service schemes occurs due to using instantaneous speed of the CH and fixed CM affiliation threshold values. The instantaneous speed causes the CM to switch the clusters frequently and fixed CM affiliation threshold values increase isolated vehicles. The frequent switching of isolated vehicles augment the CM instability. Moreover, the inefficient cluster maintenance due to non-optimal cluster merging and cluster splitting also contributes to cluster instability. The merging conditions such as fixed merging threshold time and uncertain movement of overlapping CHs within merging threshold time cause the cluster instability. Furthermore, the unnecessary clustering during cluster splitting around the intersection due to CH election parameters also increases cluster instability. Therefore, to address the aforementioned cluster instability issues, Enhanced Stability of Cluster-based Location Service (ESCLS) mechanism was proposed for urban VANETs. The proposed ESCLS mechanism consists of three complementary schemes which are Reliable Cluster Head Election (RCHE), Dynamic Cumulative Cluster Member Affiliation (DCCMA) and Optimized Cluster Maintenance (OCM). Firstly, the aim of the RCHE scheme was to enhance the stability of the CH through optimizing the cluster formation range and by considering communication link reliability with the RSU. Secondly, the DCCMA scheme focussed on improving the stability of the CMs by considering the Cumulative Moving Average Speed (CMAS) of the CH and dynamic CM affiliation threshold values, and finally, the OCM scheme enhanced the cluster stability by improving cluster merging conditions and reducing unnecessary clustering in cluster splitting. The results of the simulation verified the improved performance of the ESCLS in terms of increasing the location query success rate by 34%, and decreasing the query response delay and localization error by 24% and 35% respectively as compared to the existing cluster-based location service schemes such as HCBLS, CBLS and MoGLS. In conclusion, it is proven that ESCLS is a suitable location service mechanism for a wide range of position-based applications of VANETs that require timely and accurate vehicle locations

A comparative study of scenario-driven multi-hop broadcast protocols for VANETs

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are becoming the favorable option for the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The efficient distribution of information in the form of data packets, is essential in order to support the vision of smart ITS. In VANETs, vehicles communicate with other vehicles directly or through existing infrastructure for sharing traffic information. Th data distribution is usually done using broadcast method. Data broadcast in VANETs is a challenging issue since high mobility vehicles with varying density have to share and route the safety critical information to other intended vehicles in real time. Thus, it needs to be addressed by the existing and new solutions for the same. Keeping this in mind, this study presents a detailed description of the existing data broadcast protocol for VANETs with an objective of selecting a particular scheme for a particular application with respect to its benefits over the others. This study reviews and compares numerous existing multi-hop data broadcast protocols in terms of various attributes such as data forwarding strategies, objectives, type of architecture, application scenarios, assumptions, evaluation metrics, simulation platform. Furthermore, an original taxonomy of these protocols is introduced based upon the road scenarios with critical discussion on each categorization with respect to its strengths, weaknesses and important constraints. Finally, various perspectives, challenges and shortcomings of the existing research work are discussed

SDN-based VANET routing: A comprehensive survey on architectures, protocols, analysis, and future challenges

As the automotive and telecommunication industries advance, more vehicles are becoming connected, leading to the realization of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) supports various ITS services, including safety, convenience, and infotainment services for drivers and passengers. Generally, such services are realized through data sharing among vehicles and nearby infrastructures or vehicles over multi-hop data routing mechanisms. Vehicular data routing faces many challenges caused by vehicle dynamicity, intermittent connectivity, and diverse application requirements. Consequently, the software-defined networking (SDN) paradigm offers unique features such as programmability and flexibility to enhance vehicular network performance and management and meet the quality of services (QoS) requirements of various VANET services. Recently, VANET routing protocols have been improved using the multilevel knowledge and an up-to-date global view of traffic conditions offered by SDN technology. The primary objective of this study is to furnish comprehensive information regarding the current SDN-based VANET routing protocols, encompassing intricate details of their underlying mechanisms, forwarding algorithms, and architectural considerations. Each protocol will be thoroughly examined individually, elucidating its strengths, weaknesses, and proposed enhancements. Also, the software-defined vehicular network (SDVN) architectures are presented according to their operation modes and controlling degree. Then, the potential of SDN-based VANET is explored from the aspect of routing and the design requirements of routing protocols in SDVNs. SDVN routing algorithms are uniquely classified according to various criteria. In addition, a complete comparative analysis will be achieved to analyze the protocols regarding performance, optimization, and simulation results. Finally, the challenges and upcoming research directions for developing such protocols are widely stated here. By presenting such insights, this paper provides a comprehensive overview and inspires researchers to enhance existing protocols and explore novel solutions, thereby paving the way for innovation in this field