Evaluation and Productivity Enhancement of Fixed Exchange Stations of Arid Wastes from the Bank

Nowadays solid waste materials disposal in large cities has turned into an issue with increasing consequences. In some cities, including Mashhad, large-scale projects and good programs in the field of waste management and recycling are running. One of the appropriate actions done in this regard is the establishment of fixed exchange stations arid wastes in waste bank. In this article, as well as introducing these stations, we will investigate their performance and determine standard criteria. Finally, for a better performance of these stations in the country, the achieved as well as strategies for improving productivity shall be given. This study is a result of evaluation of field interviews with 12 stations of Mashhad municipality waste management organization with the help of teachers and environmental specialists in the province. It is worth mentioning that 23 indices were identified and evaluated in this regard. Finally, except for two cases, everything else was fairly suitable

Modeling and Simulation of High Dynamic Processes for Laminated Composite Materials with Nonlinear Characteristics

This work resulted in a simulation platform and a validated numerical framework, which can precisely model the packaging material that are made of complex paperboard composite laminates and predict the material behaviour when it undergo es processing and converting procedures. Due to their specific advantages such as flexibility, hygiene, cost-effectiveness and environmental compatibility, paperboard composite materials are widely us ed for food and beverage packaging. The packaging materials are made of multi-layer sandwich laminates and mainly consists of several carton plies, a thin aluminium foil and several polyethylene layers. Compared to other conventional composite structures, such as carbon fibre composites, carton-based packages have an extremely thin composite structure with significantly softer material properties. To obtain a robust and well-formed commercial packaging, many manufacturing processes are usually carried out, for instance creasing, folding or bottom and gable sealing. In addition to the structural and architectural aspects, various technical requirements must b e met regarding functionality, rigidity and robustness of the packaging. During the converting procedures; especially at higher production speeds, unexpected operational flaws might b e observed often for material rupture and inter-layer delamination influencing the quality of a package performance. Furthermore, to examine the new paperboard material generations and operational developments, it is necessary to characterize and predict materials behaviour and packaging process if higher converting speeds, extended performance and efficiency are demanded. To satisfy the above-mentioned technical requirements, mathematical modelling and simulation methods are an appropriated way to formulate the paperboard material characteristics and analyse converting processes such as creasing and folding. A series of quasi-static and high-speed tensile tests were carried out to determine the mechanical properties of the highly anisotropic carton material. In addition to the classical tensile test, improved tests were also conducted specifically to measure the shear strength of the paperboard plies. Tests such as the Rigid Block Shear Test (RST) and the Double Notches Shear Test (DNST) were performed to obtain the shear stress curve and maximum shear strength across the paperboard thickness, respectively. Furthermore, the z-directional tensile test (ZDT) was also employed to identify the paperboard interfacial characteristics in terms of traction-separation curves. A mathematical model based on the finite element method (FEM) has been develop ed and implemented in the commercial ABAQUS software to simulate material behaviour under highly dynamic loads. The simulation model includes both constitutive elasticplastic formulation of packaging composite structure and a description of interlayer interaction and delamination between the composite plies as well. A formulation according to the Hill ´criteria has been used to formulate the anisotropic elastic-plastic behaviour of the material based on its rate-dependent characteristics. The interaction between the paperboard layers and the corresponding delamination during the creasing and folding processes have been implemented using an anisotropic traction separation model in respect to the relative sliding and opening of the adjacent interfaces. The most important simulation parameters have been comprehensively investigated and optimized regarding the calculation accuracy, simulation costs and efficiency. Subsequently, the obtained numerical results were successfully validated with available experimental data for practical static and dynamic creasing and folding processes.:1. Introduction 2. The State of the Art 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Paperboard and packaging composites manufacturing process 2.3 Paperboard converting process: creasing and folding 2.4 Analyzing of existing models for packaging materials and packaging procedures 2.5 Conclusions 3 Objective and Research Program 3.1 Objective 3.2 Research Program 4 Continuum Mechanics and Modeling of Packaging Process 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Continuum mechanics 4.2.1 Deformation gradient 4.2.2 Finite strain equations 4.2.3 Constitutive model and stress decomposition 4.2.4 Velocity gradient and rate of deformation 4.2.5 Yield criteria 4.2.6 Hardening law and plastic flow 0 4.3 Analytical model for paperboard material characterization 4.3.1 Constitutive equations 4.3.2 Elasticity 4.3.3 In-plane plasticity 4.3.4 Out-of-plane plasticity 4.4 Contact and interfacial formulation 4.4.1 Normal contact analysis 4.4.2 Tangential contact analysis 4.4.3 Interface model 4.5 Conclusions 5 Development of Experimental Methods for Paperboard Material Identification 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Quasi-static tensile test 5.3 Shear and interfacial experiments 5.3.1 Rigid block shear test (RST) 5.3.2 Double notched shear test (DNST) 5.3.3 Z-directional tensile test (ZDT) 5.4 Paperboard dynamic material characterizations 5.4.1 Dynamic test set-up and measurement 5.4.2 Dynamic material calibration and parameter identification 5.5 Conclusions 6 Paperboard Composites Converting Process Experiments and Finite Element Modeling 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Material and interfacial numerical modeling 6.3 Punching creasing 6.3.1 Punching creasing experiment 6.3.2 Punching creasing FE simulation 6.4 Dynamic creasing 6.4.1 Dynamic creasing experiments 6.4.2 Dynamic creasing simulation 6.5 Folding model 6.5.1 Folding experiment 6.5.2 Folding simulation 6.6 Conclusions 7 Results and Discussion 7.1 Introduction 7.2 FE results and validation 7.2.1 Quasi-static punching creasing process 7.2.2 High speed rotating dynamic creasing process 7.2.3 High speed folding process 7.3 Conclusions 8 Potential Analysis of Material and Process Optimization 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Material optimization 8.2.1 Material continuum characterization 8.2.2 Material interface characterization 8.2.3 Material shear characterization 8.3 Conclusion 9 Summary and Outloo

Wireless Power Transfer and Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks

In a rechargeable wireless sensor network, the data packets are generated by sensor nodes at a specific data rate, and transmitted to a base station. Moreover, the base station transfers power to the nodes by using Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) to extend their battery life. However, inadequately scheduling WPT and data collection causes some of the nodes to drain their battery and have their data buffer overflow, while the other nodes waste their harvested energy, which is more than they need to transmit their packets. In this paper, we investigate a novel optimal scheduling strategy, called EHMDP, aiming to minimize data packet loss from a network of sensor nodes in terms of the nodes' energy consumption and data queue state information. The scheduling problem is first formulated by a centralized MDP model, assuming that the complete states of each node are well known by the base station. This presents the upper bound of the data that can be collected in a rechargeable wireless sensor network. Next, we relax the assumption of the availability of full state information so that the data transmission and WPT can be semi-decentralized. The simulation results show that, in terms of network throughput and packet loss rate, the proposed algorithm significantly improves the network performance.Comment: 30 pages, 8 figures, accepted to IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technolog

Application of Signal Processing Methods in Energy and Water Sustainability Optimization.

Ph.D. Thesis. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa 2017

Evaluation and Productivity Enhancement of Fixed Exchange Stations of Arid Wastes from the Bank

Nowadays solid waste materials disposal in large cities has turned into an issue with increasing consequences. In some cities, including Mashhad, large-scale projects and good programs in the field of waste management and recycling are running. One of the appropriate actions done in this regard is the establishment of fixed exchange stations arid wastes in waste bank. In this article, as well as introducing these stations, we will investigate their performance and determine standard criteria. Finally, for a better performance of these stations in the country, the achieved as well as strategies for improving productivity shall be given. This study is a result of evaluation of field interviews with 12 stations of Mashhad municipality waste management organization with the help of teachers and environmental specialists in the province. It is worth mentioning that 23 indices were identified and evaluated in this regard. Finally, except for two cases, everything else was fairly suitable

Efficient and highly scalable route discovey for on-demand routing protocols in ad hoc networks

This paper presents a number of different route discovery strategies for on-demand routing protocols, which provide more control to each intermediate node make during the route discovery phase to make intelligent forwarding decisions. This is achieved through the idea of selfselection. In self-selecting route discovery each node independently makes Route Request (RREQ) forwarding decisions based upon a selection criterion or by satisfying certain conditions. The nodes which do not satisfy the selection criterion do not rebroadcast the routing packets. We implemented our self-selecting route discovery strategies over AODV using the GloMoSim network simulation package, and compared the performance with existing route discovery strategies used in AODV. Our simulation results show that a significant drop in the number of control packets can be achieved by giving each intermediate node more authority for self-selection during route discovery. Furthermore, a significant increase in throughput is achieved as the number nodes in the network is increased

A Performance Study of Dynamic Zone Topology Routing Protocol

In this paper we present a simulation study of a hybrid routing protocol we proposed in our previous work. Our hybrid routing strategy is called Dynamic Zone Topology Routing protocol (DZTR). This protocol has been designed to provide scalable routing in a Mobile Ad hoc Networking (MANET) environment. DZTR breaks the network into a number of zones by using a GPS. The topology of each zone is maintained proactively and the route to the nodes in other zones are determined reactively. DZTR proposes a number of different strategies to reduce routing overhead in large networks and reduce the single point of failure during data forwarding. In this paper, we propose a number of improvements for DZTR and investigate its performance using simulations. We compare the performance of DZTR against AODV, LAR1 and LPAR. Our results show that DZTR has fewer routing overheads than the other simulated routing protocols and achieves higher levels of scalability as the size and the density of the network is increased

Intelligent hybrid cheapest cost and mobility optimization RAT selection approaches for heterogeneous wireless networks

The evolution of wireless networks has led to the deployment of different Radio Access Technologies (RATs) such as UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), Long Term Evolution (LTE), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and Mobile Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) which are integrated through a common platform. Common Radio Resource Management (CRRM) was proposed to manage radio resource utilization in heterogeneous wireless networks and to provide the required Quality of Service (QoS) for allocated calls. RAT selection algorithms are an integral part of the CRRM algorithms. Their role is to decide, when a new or Vertical Handover (VHO) call is requested, which of the available RATs is most suitable to fit the need of the incoming call and when to admit them. This paper extends our earlier work on the proposed intelligent mobility optimization and proposes an intelligent hybrid cheapest cost RAT selection approach which aims to increase users' satisfaction by allocation users that are looking for cheapest cost connections to a RAT that offers the cheapest cost of service. A comparison for the performance of centralized load-balancing, proposed and distributed cheapest cost and mobility optimization algorithms is presented. Simulation results show that the proposed intelligent algorithms perform better than the centralized load-balancing and the distributed algorithms. © 2014 Academy Publisher

Performance analysis of the intelligent mobility optimization CRRM approach using a markovian chain model

Due to the increasing demand of wireless services, mobile technology has rapidly progressed towards the fourth generation (4G) networking paradigm. This generation will be heterogeneous in nature and it can be achieved through the integration of different Radio Access Technologies (RATs) over a common platform. Common Radio Resource Management (CRRM) was proposed to manage radio resource utilization in heterogeneous wireless networks and to provide required Quality of Service (QoS) for allocated calls. RAT selection algorithms are an integral part of the CRRM algorithms. Their role is to decide, when a new or Vertical Handover (VHO) call is requested, which of the available RATs is most suitable to fit the need of the incoming call and when to admit them. This paper extends our earlier work on the proposed intelligent hybrid mobility optimization RAT selection approach which allocates users in high mobility to the most suitable RAT and proposes an analytical presentation of the proposed approach in a multidimensional Markov chain model. A comparison for the performance of centralized load-balancing, distributed and the proposed intelligent mobility optimization algorithms is presented in terms of new calls blocking probability, VHO calls dropping probability, users' satisfactions probability, average networks load and average system throughput. Simulation and analytical results show that the proposed algorithm performs better than the centralized loadbalancing and distributed algorithms. © 2014 ACADEMY PUBLISHER