MOLECULARLY IMPRINTED POLYMER NANOPARTICLES (MIP-NPs) APPLICATIONS IN ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) is a polymer that binds together to form a specific binding site that is selective for certain analytes. Its high stability, its synthesize simplicity, and it can ease costs significantly make it was applied widely as a receptor instead of antibodies or enzymes. MIPs can be re-developed into MIPs nanoparticles (MIP-NPs) which have greater potential. MIPs use in electrochemical sensors have relevant applications in daily life and have been tested in human samples. Electrochemical sensors have been successfully functioned with MIP-NPs leading to real-time monitoring of drugs, pesticides, environmental contaminants, and secondary metabolites, as well as molecules with biological relevance. The aim of this review is to summarize the developments and applications of MIP-NPs as a selective recognition component in electrochemical sensors with special emphasis on their analytical applications

Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Micro- and Nano-Particles. A review

In recent years, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have become an excellent solution to the selective and sensitive determination of target molecules in complex matrices where other similar and relative structural compounds could coexist. Although MIPs show the inherent properties of the polymers, including stability, robustness, and easy/cheap synthesis, some of their characteristics can be enhanced, or new functionalities can be obtained when nanoparticles are incorporated in their polymeric structure. The great variety of nanoparticles available significantly increase the possibility of finding the adequate design of nanostructured MIP for each analytical problem. Moreover, different structures (i.e., monolithic solids or MIPs micro/nanoparticles) can be produced depending on the used synthesis approach. This review aims to summarize and describe the most recent and innovative strategies since 2015, based on the combination of MIPs with nanoparticles. The role of the nanoparticles in the polymerization, as well as in the imprinting and adsorption efficiency, is also discussed through the review

Polymers and plastics modified electrodes for biosensors: a review

Polymer materials offer several advantages as supports of biosensing platforms in terms of flexibility, weight, conformability, portability, cost, disposability and scope for integration. The present study reviews the field of electrochemical biosensors fabricated on modified plastics and polymers, focusing the attention, in the first part, on modified conducting polymers to improve sensitivity, selectivity, biocompatibility and mechanical properties, whereas the second part is dedicated to modified “environmentally friendly” polymers to improve the electrical properties. These ecofriendly polymers are divided into three main classes: bioplastics made from natural sources, biodegradable plastics made from traditional petrochemicals and eco/recycled plastics, which are made from recycled plastic materials rather than from raw petrochemicals. Finally, flexible and wearable lab-on-a-chip (LOC) biosensing devices, based on plastic supports, are also discussed. This review is timely due to the significant advances achieved over the last few years in the area of electrochemical biosensors based on modified polymers and aims to direct the readers to emerging trends in this field.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Recent progress in nanocomposites based on conducting polymer: application as electrochemical sensors

Abstract Over the years, intensive research works have been devoted to conducting polymers due to their potential application in many fields such as fuel cell, sensors, and capacitors. To improve the properties of these compounds, several new approaches have been developed which consist in combining conducting polymers and nanoparticles. Then, this review intends to give a clear overview on nanocomposites based on conducting polymers, synthesis, characterization, and their application as electrochemical sensors. For this, the paper is divided into two parts: the first part will highlight the nanocomposites synthesized by combination of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) and conducting polymers. The preparation of polymer/CNMs such as graphene and carbon nanotube modified electrode is presented coupled with relevant applications. The second part consists of a review of nanocomposites synthesized by combination of metal nanoparticles and conducting polymers

Recent Advances in Electrosynthesized Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Sensing Platforms for Bioanalyte Detection

The accurate detection of biological materials has remained at the forefront of scientific research for decades. This includes the detection of molecules, proteins, and bacteria. Biomimetic sensors look to replicate the sensitive and selective mechanisms that are found in biological systems and incorporate these properties into functional sensing platforms. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic receptors that can form high affinity binding sites complementary to the specific analyte of interest. They utilise the shape, size, and functionality to produce sensitive and selective recognition of target analytes. One route of synthesizing MIPs is through electropolymerization, utilising predominantly constant potential methods or cyclic voltammetry. This methodology allows for the formation of a polymer directly onto the surface of a transducer. The thickness, morphology, and topography of the films can be manipulated specifically for each template. Recently, numerous reviews have been published in the production and sensing applications of MIPs; however, there are few reports on the use of electrosynthesized MIPs (eMIPs). The number of publications and citations utilising eMIPs is increasing each year, with a review produced on the topic in 2012. This review will primarily focus on advancements from 2012 in the use of eMIPs in sensing platforms for the detection of biologically relevant materials, including the development of increased polymer layer dimensions for whole bacteria detection and the use of mixed monomer compositions to increase selectivity toward analytes

MIP-based extraction techniques for the determination of antibiotic residues in edible meat samples : Design, performance & recent developments

Misusing or overusing antibiotics in livestock and poultry can result in the accumulation of mentioned drugs in the animal meat. Consequently, its consumption by humans and therefore increasing the risks of antibiotic resistance emergences. In order to decrease these risks, constant monitoring of the meat samples is necessary. Therefore, the concentration of antibiotics needs to be lower than maximum residue limits. As meat is a complex matrix, sample preparation is a mandatory step in the analysis. Molecularly imprinted polymers are one of the extensively studied tools in this aspect. These polymers exhibited great affinity and selectivity towards the target compound/s. In this work, a collection of studies from 2017 to 2021 is reviewed. Inclusion criteria were formed around papers incorporating molecularly imprinted polymers as a means of extraction or detection of antibiotics in meat samples. This review represents different synthesis methods of these polymers and their applications in the extraction and determination of antibiotics from meat samples. It also demonstrates the advantages, gaps and weakness of these systems in the food chemistry field. It can also act as a guide for the design and development of novel polymer-based analytical methods for food applications. Throughout this review, the methods for determination of antibiotic residues in food samples using conventional and novel MIP based techniques are discussed, by coupling MIPs with other analytical techniques, Limit of detection and quantification and recovery rates will improve significantly, which results in designing of platforms in food chemistry analysis with higher efficacy.Peer reviewe

Osjetljiva voltametrijska metoda za određivanje koncentracije prirodnog flavonoida kvercetina pomoću jednokratne grafitne elektrode

In this paper, a pencil graphite electrode was pretreated using chronoamperometry technique in phosphate buffer solution (pH=7.0) for sensitive determination of quercetin. Oxidation of quercetin was investigated using pretreated pencil graphite electrode and anodic stripping differential pulse voltammetry. Under optimal conditions, the anodic current of quercetin exhibited linear response to its concentration in the range from 0.001 to 1.5 μmol/L with the limit of detection of 0.3·10–3 μmol/L. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of quercetin in cranberry and blackcurrant juices with recovery rate from 93.2 to 94.7 %. Solid-phase extraction was found to be necessary prior to voltammetric determination of quercetin in fruit juice samples using pretreated pencil graphite electrode.U ovom je radu za određivanje malih koncentracija kvercetina u uzorku korištena grafitna elektroda prethodno obrađena kronoamperometrijski u otopini fosfatnog pufera (pH=7). Metodom diferencijalne pulsne anodne „stripping“ voltametrije praćena je oksidacija kvercetina na grafitnoj elektrodi. Pri optimalnim uvjetima odnos struje nastale oksidacijom kvercetina na anodi i njegove koncentracije u uzorku bio je linearan u rasponu od 0,001 do 1,5 μmol/L, s limitom detekcije od 0,3·10-3 μmol/L. Predložena je metoda uspješno primjenjena za određivanje koncentracije kvercetina u sokovima od brusnice i crnog ribiza, s iskorištenjem od 93,2 do 94,7 %. Prije voltametrijskog određivanja koncentracije kvercetina pomoću grafitne elektrode potrebno je prethodno pročistiti i koncentrirati uzorke voćnih sokova estrakcijom na čvrstoj fazi

Cyclodextrins as Supramolecular Recognition Systems: Applications in the Fabrication of Electrochemical Sensors

Supramolecular chemistry, although focused mainly on noncovalent intermolecular and intramolecular interactions, which are considerably weaker than covalent interactions, can be employed to fabricate sensors with a remarkable affinity for a target analyte. In this review the development of cyclodextrin-based electrochemical sensors is described and discussed. Following a short introduction to the general properties of cyclodextrins and their ability to form inclusion complexes, the cyclodextrin-based sensors are introduced. This includes the combination of cyclodextrins with reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, conducting polymers, enzymes and aptamers, and electropolymerized cyclodextrin films. The applications of these materials as chiral recognition agents and biosensors and in the electrochemical detection of environmental contaminants, biomolecules and amino acids, drugs and flavonoids are reviewed and compared. Based on the papers reviewed, it is clear that cyclodextrins are promising molecular recognition agents in the creation of electrochemical sensors, chiral sensors, and biosensors. Moreover, they have been combined with a host of materials to enhance the detection of the target analytes. Nevertheless, challenges remain, including the development of more robust methods for the integration of cyclodextrins into the sensing unit