River Discharge, Arctic Report Card: Update for 2011

Total annual discharge, 1813 km3 /year, in 2010 from the six largest Eurasian rivers (Sev. Dvina, Pechora, Ob, Yenisey, Lena and Kolyma) flowing into the Arctic Ocean was very close to the 1936-2009 long-term mean of 1808 km3 /year. Mean annual discharge, 514 km3 /year, in 2010 from the four large North American Arctic rivers (Mackenzie, Yukon, Back and Peel) was ~3% lower than the long-term mean (529 km3 /year)

HST ultraviolet spectral energy distributions for three ultraluminous infrared galaxies

We present HST Faint Object Camera ultraviolet (230 nm and 140 nm) images of three ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIG: L_ir > 10^12 L_sun) selected from the IRAS Revised Bright Galaxy Sample. The purpose is to estimate spectral energy distributions (SEDs) to facilitate the identification of similar objects at high redshift in deep optical, infrared, and submm surveys. All three galaxies (VII Zw031 = IRAS F12112+0305, and IRAS F22491-1808) were well detected at 230 nm. Two of the three were marginally detected at 140 nm. The fluxes, together with ground-based optical and infrared photometry, are used to compute SEDs over a wide wavelength range. The measured SEDs drop from the optical to the ultraviolet, but the magnitude of the drop ranges from a factor of ~3 in IRAS F22491-1808 to a factor of ~100 in VIIZw031. This is most likely due to different internal extinctions. Such an interpretation is also suggested by extrapolating to ultraviolet wavelengths the optical internal extinction measured in VIIZw031. K-corrections are calculated to determine the colors of the sample galaxies as seen at high redshifts. Galaxies like VIIZw031 have very low observed rest-frame UV fluxes which means that such galaxies at high redshift will be extremely red or even missing in optical surveys. On the other hand, galaxies like IRAS F12112+0305 and IRAS F22491-1808, if seen at high redshift, would be sufficiently blue that they would not easily be distinguished from normal field galaxies, and therefore, identified as ULIGs. The implication is then that submillimeter surveys may be the only means of properly identifying the majority of ULIGs at high redshift.Comment: AJ in press, TeX, 23 pages, 7 tab, 17 figs available also (at higher resolution) from http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk~trentham/ufigs.htm

\u3cem\u3eUnited States v. The William\u3c/em\u3e and The Phenomena of Jury Nullification in Early 19th Century America

In September 1808, Judge John Davis upheld the constitutionality of the Embargo Act of 1807 under the Constitution’s Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 Interstate Commerce power. Judge Davis’s original opinion curiously lacks any reference to Marbury v. Madison. Judge Davis defends judicial review and rejects the notion of jury nullification. While Judge Davis upheld the embargo’s constitutionality, a subsequent jury trial on the facts resulted in the return of The William to its rightful owners. This case reflects the attempts by early American judges to carve out the power of judicial review and maintain the appearance of an impartial judiciary

Licensing Act 1917 No. 1322

An Act to consolidate the Laws relating to the Supplying of Intoxicating Liquors and the Exercise of Local Option with regard thereto, and the Licensing of Billiard and Bagatelle Tables, and for other purposes. ; N.p., 1529/1922; 1644/1924; 1775/1926,; s. 5 and 6; 1808/1927, s. 4; S. 2, am., 1808/1927, s. 5; S. 4, am., 1808/1927, s. 6; S. 6, r.s., 1808/1927, s. 7; S. 7, r.s., 1808/1927, s. 8; S. 8, r.s., 1808/1927, s. 8; S. 8 (3), am., 2055/1931, s. 3; S. 9, am., 1808/1927, s. 9; S. 10, r.s., 1808/1927, s. 10; S. 13 (2), am., 1604/1923, s. 3; am., 1867/1928, s. 3; S. 13 (2) (v.), ad., 1604/1923, s. 3 (1); S. 16-18, 20, 22 and 23, am., 1844/1927, s. 4; S. 26, rep., 1844/1927, s. 3; S. 29, am., 1808/1927, s. 11; S.31, r.s., 1844/1927, s. 5; am., 2055/1931, s. 4; S. 32, r.s., 1844/1927, s. 6; S. 32-35, r.s., 1867/1928, s. 4; S. 36 and 37, rep., 1867/1928, s. 5; S. 42 (3), am., 1808/1927, s. 12; S. 53, am., 1808/1927, s. 13; S. 58, am., 1808/1927, s. 14; am., 2055/1931, s. 5; S. 59, r.s., 2055/1931, s. 6; S. 64 (1), am., 2055/1931, s. 7 (1); S. 64 (5), am., 1808/1927, s. 15; am., 2055/1931, s. 7 (3); S. 65, am., 1867/1928, s. 6; S. 65 (1), am., 1775/1926, s. 4; am., 1808/1927, s. 16 (a); S. 65 (3), am., 1808/1927, s. 16 (b); S. 67 (2), am., 1867/1927, s. 7; S. 69 (1), am., 1808/1927, s. 17 (a); S. 69 (2), rep., 1808/1927, s. 17 (b); S. 80 (1), am., 1604/1923s. 4; S. 81, am., 1808/1927, s. 18; S. 86 (1), am., 2083/1932, s. 3 (a); S. 86 (2), am., 1808/1927, s. 19; S. 86 (5), ad., 2083/1932, s. 3 (b); S. 87 (2), am., 1604/1923, s. 5; S. 91A, ad., 1808/1927, s. 20; S. 93, am., 1808/1927, s. 21; S. 103, am., 1808/1927, s. 22; S. 119, n.p., 2003/1932, s. 2; S. 129, am., 1604/1923, s. 6; S. 136A, ad., 2055/1931, s. 8; S. 137, am., 2055/1931, s. 9; S. 139 (1) (e), rep., 2055/1931, s. 10; S. 139A and 139B, ad., 1844/1927, s. 7; S. 159, am., 1867/1928, s. 8; am., 2055/1931, s. 11; S. 159A, ad., 1867/1928, s. 9; S. 166A, ad., 1867/1928, s. 10; S. 178 (1) and 178 (3), am., 1604/1923, s. 7; S. 179, am., 1808/1927, s. 23; S. 182 (2), am., 1604/1923, s. 8; S. 183 (1), am., 1604/1923, s. 9; S. 184 (3), am., 1808/1927, s. 24; S. 185, am., 1436/1920, s. 3; am., 2055/1931, s. 12; S. 219A, ad., 1752/1926, s. 3; S. 223, r.s., 1752/1926, s. 4; S. 233 (3), am., 1808/1927, s. 28; S. 247, r.s., 1449/1920, s. 3; S. 267, am., 1808/1927, s. 29; S. 269, am., 1604/1923, s. 11; S. 279 (2), ad., 1604/1923, s. 12; S. 281, am., 1604/1923, s. 13; S. 281 (2A.), ad., 1604/1923, s. 13; Sched. C, rep., 1844/1927, s. 8; Sched. W 1, am., 1529/1922, s. 8; W. rep., 2102/1932, s.

Diary No. 2 from May 7, 1808 to September 3, 1811

Transcript of Diary No. 2 from May 7, 1808 to September 3, 1811

The origins of liberalism in Spain: A biographical dictionary

Reseña de: Gil Novales, Alberto, Diccionario biográfico de España (1808-1833). De los orígenes del liberalismo a la reacción absolutista, 3 vols., Madrid, Fundación MAPFRE-Instituto de Cultura, 2010, 3406 p

Physical Attributes of Anisotropic Compact Stars in f(R,G)f(R,G) Gravity

Modified gravity is one of the potential candidates to explain the accelerated expansion of the universe. Current study highlights the materialization of anisotropic compact stars in the context of $f(R,G)$ theory of gravity. In particular, to gain insight in the physical behavior of three stars namely, Her $X1$, SAX J $1808$-$3658$ and 4U $1820$-$30$, energy density, and radial and tangential pressures are calculated. The $f(R,G)$ gravity model is split into a Starobinsky like $f(R)$ model and a power law $f(G)$ model. The main feature of the work is a $3$-dimensional graphical analysis in which, anisotropic measurements, energy conditions and stability attributes of these stars are discussed. It is shown that all three stars behave as usual for positive values of $f(G)$ model parameter $n$.Comment: 21 pages, revised version, to appear in EPJ

X-ray Emission from NGC 1808: More than a Complex Starburst

Earlier observations of NGC 1808 in various wavebands (X-ray, optical, near-infrared, radio) provided evidence for the existence of either a starburst or a Seyfert 2 nucleus. We here present the results of multiwavelength XMM-Newton and Chandra observations, which directly prove the co-existence of thermal diffuse plasma and non-nuclear unresolved point-like sources associated with the starburst activity, along with a Low Luminosity Active Galactic Nucleus (LLAGN) or an Ultra Luminous X-ray source (ULX). The broad bandwidth of XMM-Newton allows us to show that the unresolved nuclear source in NGC 1808 dominates the hard X-ray spectrum, while the emission in the soft regime, below 1 keV, is dominated by a thermal component associated to an extended starburst. Both EPIC and RGS data provide reliable detections of a number of emission lines from heavy elements, with abundances ranging from roughly 0.7 to 2.2 Z_sol for different elements. However, no 6.4 keV Fe K-alpha fluorescence line emission was detected. The analysis of the nuclear region of NGC 1808 allows us to detect and disentangle the contribution of an unresolved nuclear X-ray source and the starburst region, but the exact nature of the nucleus remains unknown. The observed luminosity of NGC 1808 is L(2-10 keV)=(1.61+/-0.06)E+40 erg/s. A comparison of our OM 212 nm image with a CTIO 4-m telescope H-alpha frame shows a good general correspondence between the emission from massive stars and warm ionized gas, with minor deviations near the ends of the bar in NGC 1808. An aditional, very soft thermal spectral component with kT~0.1 keV has been discovered in the XMM-Newton spectral analysis, which most likely originates from the halo of NGC 1808.Comment: 18 pages, 14 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics (Figures 1, 3, 4, 12, 13 & 14 at lower resolution than accepted version

Robert Anthony Pascal: A Priest of Right Order

Volume 3 of the Bicentennial Series: A Series created on the year of the Bicentennial of the Louisiana Civil Code (Digest of 1808), to promote publications on the civil law of Louisiana and its interaction with other legal systems.https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/books/1098/thumbnail.jp